AFTER-READING activity. ♦ Read the text in more depth to do the 'After-reading

♦ Read the text in more depth to do the 'After-reading

exercises*.

Ex. 1. Comprehension questions

1. What are international organisations characterised by?

2. Why cannot states afford a luxury of isolation?

3. What can guarantee survival and economic development of the states?

4. Which organisations have managed to acquire a momentum and identity of their own?

5. What does the drift towards supranational organisations reflect?

6. Why is it instructive to look at the experience of the European integration?

7. What is behind the European idea?

8. Why is it difficult to categorise the EU?

Ex. 2. Terminology/concepts

A. Learn the terminology:
protectionism - протекционизм
supranationalism - надгосударственкость
intergovermnentalism - межгосударственный уровень отношений
veto ~~ вето

subsidiarity - субсидиарное™

collective security - коллективная безопасность

international law - международное право

B. Match the given above notions with the definitions.

The idea/concept of..., simply (broadly) stated is (that)...

• is any form of interaction between states which takes place on the basis of sovereign independence preserved through giving each state a veto, at least over matters of vital national importance.

• is import restrictions such as tariffs, designed to protect domestic producers.

• is the formal power to block a decision or action through the refusal of consent.

• is devolution of decision-making from the centre to lower levels.

• is a system of rules that are binding on states and thus define the relationships between states.

 

• is the existence of an authority that is 'higher' than that of the nation-state and capable of imposing its will on it. It can therefore be found in international federations, where j sovereignty is shared between central and peripheral bodies.

• is the theory or practice of resisting aggression through united! action by a number of states.

i

• Work with the dictionary and consult the text to do ex. 3, 4

Ex. 3. Translate from English into Russian

Not within a single state; an international area comprising several states; an increasingly shrinking world; an anarchic order is inevitably biased towards conflict; growing awareness of ecological problems; beyond the power of national governments; to acquire a momentum and identity; seemingly indispensable features; the drift towards supranational organizations; this idea can be traced back to Imperial Rome; as the deficiencies of the nation-state become apparent; it is accurate to talk of a federalizing Europe.

Ex. 4. Translate from Russian into English

Ряд суверенных государств; признание национальной (госу­дарственной) взаимозависимости; такого варианта больше не существует; выживание государства; всеобщее потепление и ки­слотные дожди; создать международные и надгосударственные организации; насущная необходимость; рассматривать пробле­мы; жизнеспособный проект; в современных условиях; такие стремления оказались безнадежно утопическими.

Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps in column 'A' with the topical vocabulary units from column *B\ making all necessary changes

A. B.

1. Since World War II, Europe... a a. to get access to, era i
historically unprecedented

process of integration.

2. In November, 1989 East German b. to constitute
demonstrators... the Berlin Wall,

stormed it and started to dismantle what had become the chief symbol of the Cold War...

Ex. 6. Paraphrase the underlined parts, using the topical vocabulary 1. All citizens, despite their race, skin and religion enjoy the equal rights under the main law of the country. 2. The hostilities were brought to an end under the patronage of the UN.

 

3. The European idea implies that Europe... a single political community.

4. The new world order became an... of common recognition of international norms and standards of morality.

5. In November 1990 representatives of the Warsaw Pact and NATO met in Paris... closing the book on the Cold War...

6. The peace-keeping operations in Africa were carried out... the UN.

7. In a number of areas international organisations provide a more effective means of... national interest.

8.... different social systems both the USSR and the USA were seeking a compromise in that crisis.

9. The Soviet policy of that period,., the desire to create a buffer-zone between itself and a hostile West.

 

10.... of its dominance in Europe, the US promoted creation of a military alliance in the form of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

11. The most influential world organizations of that period were NATO and the Warsaw Pact.... was founded in 1949... was established in 1955.

с to undergo

d. in pursuit of

e. to facilitate, era

f. to pursue

g. regardless of

h, to embody

i. the former, the latter

j. embodiment

k. under the auspices of

 

3. There has been an astonishing number of books about the state of our planet recently and they are ava ilable for all of us.

4. International organizations have been set up by a number of sovereign states to promote international cooperation.

5. Besides tackling world problems, international organizations provide a more effective means of looking after national interests too.

6. The idea of splendid isolation of states in the XIX century has changed grearly and this option is no longer available.

7. To these ends all member-states commit themselves not to interfere in internal affairs of other countries.

8. The policy of peaceful co-existence included several concrete principles.

9. The main aim of the UN is to follow the policy of maintaining peace and preventing a new war.