MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 6 страница
5. Коли ти прийдеш до коледжу сьогодні? 6. Вони збираються відвідати його в лікарні. 7. Вони підуть в лікарню, а я залишуся вдома. 8. Ти збираєшся стати лікарем? 9. Я не думаю, що ти підеш до нього завтра. 10. Ти чекатимеш мене весь вечір? Exercise 6. Complete the sentences using the expressions from the right column, translate them.
Exercise 7. Make up a dialog. Act as a doctor. Use the following sentences. 1. What he complains of. 2. What else troubles him. 3. What his temperature is. 4. When he fell ill. 5. How he feels. 6. What first signs he noticed. 7. What medicine he took. 8. If he was consulted by a doctor. 9. What diseases he had in his childhood. 10. If he was ill with any infectious diseases. 11. If he was treated in a hospital. 12. If he has a pain in the heart region (in the region of his stomach, liver). 13. If he has a headache, a pain in the chest. Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with adverbial clauses of result and translate them. She spoke in such a low voice that.... The patient was so angry with the boys that.... We haven't found her new address yet, that's why.... They spoke in English, that's why.... My son will be a teacher after.... The child will not go to sleep until....
III. Independent Work: Bacteria Exercise 1. Read the text. Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled organisms of minute size and simple structure. They are usually less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. They differ in shape and are named accordingly. Cocci are small round cells which arrange themselves in different patterns; bacilli are rod-shaped; vibrios are curved rods or comma-shaped; spirochaeta are thin filaments which form spirals. Bacteria contain no formed nucleus and reproduce by simple division. Some are mobile, a property which is due to the movement of protoplasmic processes. For growth bacteria require an adequate amount of water. Some grow best in air but a few are unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen. Their growth rate is dependent on temperature, each species having its own optimum. In general, cold inhibits growth rate whereas above the optimum their properties change and at still higher temperatures they are destroyed. Their food requirements vary. They are widely spread in nature and are found in the atmosphere, in soil and in water. Some can live and derive sustenance from soil and air but others require organic material and by their action cause putrefaction. Of a large number of species very few are responsible for a disease in the human being and those that are usually have stricter requirements as regards their living conditions and nutrition. They can be grown in the laboratory on a number of different substances; for example, gelatine, malt extract, solutions of different sugars. Of the bacteria which are responsible for a disease - known as pathogenic - a few will produce, when grown in a test tube, a highly poisonous substance or toxin which if injected will cause in the body many symptoms of that disease. Other bacteria, while not secreting a toxin, are in themselves poisonous; their toxin only becomes manifested when the killed organisms are injected or when they are killed in the body in the course of disease. Exercise 2. Make up a short plan using sentences from the text. Exercise 3. Find sentences about the shapes of bacteria. Exercise 4. Tell about the necessary conditions for the growth of bacteria. LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN
I. Speaking: Children Diseases Exercise 1. Phonetic reading: read the words and word combinations, translate them. Enteric, enteric fever, to treat for enteric fever. Occur, cough occurs, rash occurs, local symptoms may occur, these diseases occur seldom. Diphtheria, to treat for diphtheria, to make a diagnosis of diphtheria. Whooping cough, in case of whooping cough, to fall ill with whooping cough (pertussis). Meningitis, cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, meningococcal meningitis, to treat for meningitis. Malaise, a constant malaise, general malaise, to complain of malaise, to suffer from malaise. Eruption, characteristic eruption, eruption appears (disappears), the type of eruption. Exercise 2. Read and learn the following names of children infectious diseases and children diseases. smallpox ['snwilpDks], variola - віспа chickenpox ['tfiksnpnks], varicella - вітряна віспа measles ['mi:zlz] кір German measles ['apiman], rubella - краснуха, червона висипка, червінка mumps ['тліш], epidemic parotitis свинка polio ['рзиіізи] (poliomyelitis) - поліомієліт scarlet fever ['ska: 1st] скарлатина whooping cough ['hu:pirj'kDf], pertussis - кашлюк
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words given below. a skin rash, mouth, nose, infectious diseases, be isolated, flushed 1. The disease passes through... and.... 2. The face is.... 3. The child with whooping cough must.... 4. The first symptom in many... is.... Exercise 4. Translate into English. Ознаки сильної застуди, висипи на шкірі, інфекційне захворювання, перші симптоми, бути уважним, запобігти розповсюдженню хвороби, бути ізольованим, гігієна рота. Exercise 5. Read the answers of the mother whose child fell ill. Make up the nurse's questions to her. Act as an interpreter. Say what disease the woman's son had. N:...? M: My son has a very high temperature. N:...? M: Yes, he has a running nose and a dry cough, too. N:...? M: The rash appeared yesterday. N:...? M: Yes, the light bothers him very much. N:...? Exercise 6. Read the text and retell it. Most children with infectious diseases have the same symptoms. The beginning of them is rather common: sore throat, fever, running nose, headache, cough and flushed face. To children infectious diseases belong: chicken pox, measles, mumps, whooping cough, scarlet fever and poliomyelitis. In children such diseases are taking an easier course than in adults. Very often children fall ill with measles today. Measles is a very infectious disease. The disease passes from one child to another. The first symptoms are: sneezing, coughing. The disease begins with signs of heavy cold, running nose and dry cough. The temperature is high and the child dislikes the light. The rash appears on the third or fourth day behind the ears and around the mouth and then covers the whole body. The nurse must be very careful to prevent the spread of infection. She must take care of the hygiene of the child's mouth: his mouth and lips must be clean and moist. The most common infectious disease is influenza (flu, grippe). An unvaccinated child is exposed to any infectious disease, so children must be vaccinated according to the recommended immunization schedule (see Types of Immunization).
Types of Immunization
Exercise 8. Title the text. Make up a plan. Exercise 9. What recommendations are you going to give a patient with influenza? Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Першими симптомами скарлатини є біль у горлі, температура, головний біль і загальна кволість (нездужання). Через день чи два з'являються висипи на шкірі. 2. Привиті діти зазвичай не хворіють цими хворобами. 3. При кашлюку дитина страждає від нападів кашлю, іноді буває блювота. Кашлюк -одна із хвороб, для якої немає спеціальних ліків. Спокій - головні ліки від цього захворювання. 4. Період інфекційної хвороби, під час якого немає характерних клінічних проявів, називається періодом інкубації. Перші симптоми з'являються на другій стадії -продромальній стадії хвороби. При захворюваннях з висипами на шкірі поява висипу -це третя стадія. 5. При скарлатині період злущення, який є найбільш інфекційним, починається на 21-23 день. II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Put in the modal verbs can, may, must or their equivalents in the required form. 1. If you have a bad headache, you... take some medicine. 2. The doctor... perform your blood analysis to be sure of your diagnosis. 3. For what time... I make the appointment with Dr. Smirnov? 4. A patient... have a scalding foot bath if he has a bad cold. 5.... the doctor... take your blood pressure when he examined you. 6.... the doctor... X-ray your chest during the last medical examination? 7. As my sister had caught a bad cold she... stay in bed. 8. You... follow the doctor's treatment if you want to be well again soon. 9.... you cope with the task which was given to you by the teacher some days ago? 10.... you tell me what subjects the first-year curriculum includes? 11. What... I take to keep the fever down? 12.... the students take notes of every lecture? 13.... I feel your pulse? 14. What... cause serious complications after influenza?
Exercise 2. You are examining your patient. Ask him to fulfill the following. 1. To strip to the waist. 2. To breathe deeply. 3. To lie down on the couch. 4. To show where he feels the pain. 5. To stand up. 6. To open his mouth. 7. To say "Aah". 8. To close his mouth. 9. To get dressed. Exercise 3. You are giving your patient some instructions and pieces of advice. Put the verbs into the appropriate form. 1. To take the prescribed medicine (this mixture - for the cough; these tablets - for his headache, these drops - for heart trouble). 2. To apply cups (mustard plasters) every other day. 3. To gargle his throat. 4. To drink hot tea with raspberry jam. 5. To get his blood and urine tested. 6. To do his electrocardiogram. 7. To go to an ophthalmologist and check his eyesight. 8. To stay in bed during 2-3 days. 9. To visit the doctor after some days. Exercise 4. You are a doctor. You examined the patient yesterday. How did you do it? Use sentences from Exercise 3. Exercise 5. Read the dialogs. Change direct speech into indirect. "Are you feeling well?" asks the doctor. "Let me see your tongue, please". "It's no use, Doctor," says the patient. "No tongue can tell how rotten I feel". "I am taking a rest treatment." "Oh, what do you do?" "I sit every day for three hours in the waiting room of a busy doctor." Teacher: Have you found out the subject of Dr. Brown's talk yet? Student: Not yet. I'll be seeing him about it tomorrow morning. Teacher: Have you asked him what time you could go to his place? Student: Yes, he told me to come at eleven. He will be waiting for me. Mother: Why are you shouting in here? Your brother has just gone to sleep. Please don't talk so loudly. Son: Awfully sorry, Mam. How does he feel? Mother: I don't think he's well yet. He hasn't got a temperature, but he doesn't want to eat anything. Son: We won't be talking with my friend so loudly, Mam. We'll be playing chess in here.
III. Independent Work: Deficiency Diseases Exercise 1. Read and translate the texts. Night Blindness Have you ever gone to a movie house during the daytime? Were you able to find your way around easily? Probably not. Chances are you had to wait a short time. Your eyes had to "adjust" to the dim light. This short wait is normal. But some people have to wait a very long time. Their eyes do not adjust to dim light easily. These people suffer from night blindness. Night blindness is a deficiency disease. It is caused by a lack of vitamin A. Vitamin A is important in other ways too. It prevents and cures certain infections of the eyes, nose and throat. The best source of vitamin A is milk. Carrots and liver are also good sources of vitamin A. Rickets Vitamin D helps to build strong bones and teeth. A diet deficient in vitamin D causes a disease called rickets. Mostly, growing children get rickets. Rickets makes bones and teeth "soft". It causes bowing of the legs or knock-knees. It also makes teeth brittle. They break and decay easily. Most foods do not supply large amounts of vitamin D. We get most of this important vitamin from enriched milk and by using sunlight. Sunlight provides the energy for our bodies to make vitamin D. Notes: night blindness rickets ['rikets] - куряча сліпота - рахіт Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the words below. children; vitamin D; night blindness; infections of the nose, throat, eyes; vitamin A; brittle teeth; rickets; sunlight; enriched milk; milk; soft bones 1. If your eyes cannot adjust easily to dim light, you may have a disease called.... 2. Night blindness comes from a deficiency of.... 3. Vitamin A is used to treat night blindness. Vitamin A is also important in preventing and treating some.... 4. The best source of vitamin A is.... 5. The human body makes vitamin D from.... 6. Not enough vitamin D can cause a disease called.... 7. Two symptoms of rickets are... and.... 8. Mostly... suffer from rickets. 9. The food that supplies the most vitamin D is.... 10. Enriched milk has extra... added to it.
Exercise 4. Are the sentences true or false? 1. Most of our vitamins come from food. 2. The body changes sunlight to vitamin A. 3. Growing children need more vitamin D than adults. 4. Rickets can be helped by staying in the sun. 5. Night blindness is caused by bacteria. 6. Vitamin A may help cure night blindness. 7. Citrus fruits can cure rickets. 8. Night blindness, rickets, and scurvy are deficiency diseases. 9. Night blindness, rickets, and scurvy are the only deficiency diseases. 10. We can be sure of getting enough nutrients if we eat a lot. LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT
I. Speaking: Surgical Department Exercise 1. Read the words and word combinations. Manifestation, enteric fever, to stamp out, to occur, running nose, cough, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, scarlet fever, rash, a rash on the skin, distribution, to associate, to itch, itching, fluid, meningitis, polio, poliomyelitis, measles, cholera, plague, malaria, vaccination, immunity, malaise, to range, eruption, chickenpox, immunity to TB (tuberculosis).
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following words. surgical ['s3:d3ikl] хірургічний surgeon ['s3:d3n] хірург surgery ['8з:<іззгі] хірургія appendicitis [Xpendi'saitis] апендицит gangrenous ['gaerjgrinos] гангренозний perforate [p3:fbreit] пробивати; просвердлювати peritonitis [,peritD'naitis] перитоніт remove [ri'mu:v] знімати; видаляти rupture ['глріґз] розрив fatal [Teitl] фатальний, неминучий convalescent [,knnva'lesnt] той, що одужує cholecystitis [.knlisis 'taitisj холецистит amputate ['cempjoteit] ампутувати bandage ['beendich;] бинт; пов'язка; перев'язувати operate [opereit] оперувати outcome ['аотклт] кінець; результат plaster cast [,pla:st3'ka:st] гіпс postoperative [,p3ust't>perativ] післяопераційний stitch [stitfj стібок; (хірургічний) шов urgent ['3:d3ent] терміновий reaction [ri'aekfn] реакція Exercise 3. Learn the following word combinations, a surgical patient (wound, clinic) - хірургічний пацієнт (рана, клініка) an acute (chronic) appendicitis - гострий (хронічний) апендицит gangrenous area - змертвіла площа perforating wound (ulcer, appendix) - прободна рана (виразка, апендикс) to remove a dressing, a gown, a foreign body - зняти пов'язку (халат), видалити чужорідне to prevent a rupture - запобігти розриву a fresh outer bandage - свіжа зовнішня пов'язка a gauze [g3:z] drain - ватний тампон an urgent case - терміновий випадок
Exercise 4. Make up sentences with the word combinations from Exercise 3. father gives her necessary instructions. Then he goes to the operating room. During my practice I saw an operation in the operating room. Before the operation my father and his assistants washed their arms and hands, dried them with a sterile towel, put on sterile gowns, masks, surgical caps and gloves. The nurse helped them to do it. On the operating table there was a man who felt a severe abdominal pain. The surgeon diagnosed appendicitis. The patient was prepared for the operation. The assistant gave the patient anesthesia. The nurse gave a scalpel to the surgeon, the operation began. It lasted about an hour and was successful. Exercise 8. Make a plan of the text. Exercise 9. Answer the questions. 1. What did Oleh see during his practice? 2. Who felt a severe abdominal pain? 3. What was the diagnosis? 4. What did the doctor do before the operation? 5. Who gave the patients anesthesia? 6. How was the operation finished? Exercise 10. Read the text and translate it. In the dressing room the surgeon took out the stitches on the patient's wound after the operation. It didn't hurt the patient. The suture was only about 10 cm long and the patient didn't complain of any tenderness on examination of the operative area. The surgeon hoped to discharge this patient from the hospital in a week. Exercise 11. Make up your own situations on the following topics, using the given words and word combinations. 1. In the Surgical Department: a surgeon, a surgical department, first of all, to examine, a ward nurse, postoperative conditions, a swelling, necessary instructions. 2. In the Dressing Room: to apply a dressing on the wound, a bandage, a nurse, a gauze drain, to bandage, to take a patient on a wheel-chair into the ward, to hurt, tenderness. 3. Examination of a Postoperative Patient: an abdominal operation, to put in a stitch, to take stitches out, postoperative reaction, a swelling, to complain of tenderness, to have a wonderful bedside manner; to discharge from the hospital.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Use the verb in present, past and future tenses with each of the adverbs of time given in brackets. Model: He gets up early (every day, yesterday, tomorrow). —* He gets up early every day. He got up early yesterday. He will get up early tomorrow. 1. Pete goes to the institute (on working days, last week, next week). 2. They attend lectures (on Saturday, last Wednesday, next Friday). 3. He works in the laboratory (every day, tomorrow afternoon, in a week). 4.1 go to the library (every Monday, on Monday, next Monday). 5. Students take examinations (at the end of the academic year, last month, in a week). Exercise 2. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives. Short, little, small, important, long, late, low. good, cold, hard, difficult, old, beautiful, bad, tall, happy, many. Exercise 3. Give antonyms of the following words. The best, the latest, the strongest, the oldest, the most difficult, the tallest, the widest, the unhappiest, the nearest, the worst. Exercise 4. Open the brackets. Mind degrees of comparison of adjectives. l.He is (tall) than his father is. 2. My sister is 5 years (young) than she is. 3. Are you (old) in the family? 4. Who is (good) nurse at the hospital? 5. Jane is (beautiful) of all. 6. She will get (thin) when she gets (old). Exercise 5. Find sentences in the Future Perfect Tense, translate them. 1. I shall have read the text about surgery by this time tomorrow. 2. More and more people in all countries are looking for treatment of AIDS. 3. Will she have given the final answer before he returns? 4. By six o'clock we shall have made a report under the title of "Vitamins". 5. We must pay great attention to the question of anesthesia. 6. They will have spent much money to build the new hospital by that time. Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English: 1. Я ще не написала текст про обов'язки медсестри в хірургічному відділенні, але я 2. Вона завершить цю доповідь до 1 вересня. 3. Ми побудуємо багато будинків до кінця наступного року. 4. Звичайно, вона напише цю статтю про властивості крові до початку року. Exercise 7. Name the parts of speech of the following words, point the ways of their formation. Translate them. Unsuitable, invitation, impossible, misspell, unwritten, illegal, agreement, retirement, irregular, payment, unthinkable, continuation, lagging, flowery, rainy, playable, seaport, parentless, driver. Exercise 8. Rewrite the sentences in the Past and Future Indefinite Tenses, change the adverbs of time. 1. It's cold today, isn't it? 2. It isn't late, is it? 3. It's dark here, isn't it? 4. It's six o'clock, isn't it? 5. Is it warm there? 6. Is it cold? 7. It isn't dark yet, 8. It's too late to ring him up. Exercise 9. Translate into English. 1. - Чому ви так запізнились? Уже 8-ма година. - Краще пізно, ніж ніколи. Не сердись, будь ласка. Ми не могли прийти раніше. 2. Учора ти запізнилась на фільм. Коли ти зайшла, було темно, а фільм уже почався. 3. Він каже, що ця палата більша, ніж його кімната. Це найбільша палата в хірургічному відділенні. 4. Тут досить холодно. Давайте перейдемо в іншу кімнату. Ходімо. Увімкніть світло, тут темно. 5. Котра година на вашому годиннику? Лікар вже мав би прийти.
III. Independent Work: Superlatives Exercise 1. Read some interesting facts about extraordinary '"mind and body" world records. Translate them.
Superlatives
The oldest. The oldest person was a Japanese man called Shigechiuyo Izumi. He was born on 28 June 1865 and died 120 years and 237 days later on 21 February 1986. The world's oldest mother - Ruth Alice Kistler (USA) - gave birth to a daughter on 18 October 1956 when she was 57 years and 129 days old. The longest. The longest bone in the human body is the thigh bone of Robert Wadlaw s femur (remember him? - he was the world's tallest man) measured 74 centimeters. The longest fingernails are on the left hand of Shridar Chillal from India. Added together, their total length is 4.52 meters. The world record for the longest hair also belongs to someone from India. Her name is Mata Jagdamba and in March 1989 her hair was 6,4 meters long. The longest beard -- 5.3 meters -- was grown by a Norwegian man called Hans N. Langseth. Langseth died in 1927 and 40 years later his beard was presented to an American museum. How long can you stand up for? The world record belongs to Swami Maujgiri Maharaj from... you guessed it - India. He stood for 17 years in the period 1955-1973. How did he sleep? By leaning against a plank. The strongest. The strongest substance in the human body is tooth enamel (that's the hard white substance on the surface of teeth). Can you guess where the strongest muscles in the body are? Well, the answer is in the jaw. They're the muscles which are used for chewing and biting. The most unusual. The most unusual diet in the world is that of Frenchman Michel Lotito (born 1950) who regularly eats metal and glass. Lotito has eaten all of the things on this list since 1966: - ten bicycles; - a supermarket trolley; - seven TV sets; - six chandeliers; - a Cessna light aircraft; - a coffin. The shortest. One of the shortest men was an American. Calvin Phillips (1891-1912) weighed less than one kilo at birth and stopped growing when he was five years old. For the rest of his brief life he was just 67 centimeters tall. The shortest woman was eleven centimeters smaller. Pauline Musters (1876-1895) came from Holland and measured only 61 centimeters when she was nineteen. The tallest. The tallest man was an American called Robert Wadlow (1918-1940). His height? An incredible 2 meters 72 centimeters. The tallest woman came from China. She was born in 1964, her name was Zeng Jinlian and when she died in 1982 she measured 2 meters 47 centimeters. The tallest tribes both come from Africa. One of them is the Dinka, who live in Sudan. The other is the Watusi, who live in Rwanda and Burundi. The average height for a Watusi man is 1 meter 95 centimeters and for a Watusi woman it's 1 meter 77 centimeters. The heaviest. The world's heaviest human being was John Brower Minnoch (1941-1983) from the state of Washington, USA. In 1976 he weighed 442 kilos. The heaviest woman - Rosie Carnemolla of New York - was born in 1944. Her maximum weight? It was 385.5 kilos on 13 March 1988. The heaviest organs in the human body are (a) the skin (yes, doctors call the skin an "organ"), (b) the liver. The average human skin weighs approximately 2.7 kilos and the average liver weighs 1.5 kilos, that's four times more than a normal heart. The most. The most children born to one mother is 69. That's the number of babies which an eighteenth-century Russian woman had in the years between 1720-60. They included 16 pairs of twins, 7 sets of triplets (three babies) and 4 sets of quadruplets (four babies). Notes: superlative [su'p3:tativ] найвищий ступінь guess [ges] здогадуватися jaw [030:] щелепа, підборіддя bone [Ьзип] кістка femur Гп:тз] стегно fingernail ['firjgsneil] ніготь пальця руки beard [biad] борода lean [li:n] (leaned, leant) нахилятися, спирі plank [plasrjk] (обшивна) дошка trolley ['troll] візок chandelier [ Jaends'lis] люстра coffin ['krjfm] труна human being ['hjirmsn] людина average ['eevsricu] середній approximately [a'proksimstli] приблизно height [hait] висота; зріст incredible [in'kredsbl] неймовірний tribe [traib] плем'я LESSON TWENTY-NINE
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