Студопедия — To be writing
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To be writing






(to be + participle I)

The Continuous Infinitive shows that the action is in progress, incomplete at a certain time-point:

He appeared to be reading.

Note: Verbs which are not normally used in the progressive forms do not have the continuous infinitive form either. Instead, we use the Indefinite Infinitive.

Compare:

He appeared to be watching us.

He appeared to see what we were doing.

PERFECT INFINITIVE: to have written

(to have + participle II)

The Perfect Infinitive shows that an action precedes the action

expressed by the finite verb.

Compare:

He was only too happy to speak to her.

He was happy to have spoken to her.

Note: The perfect infinitive is widely used with modal verbs to denote unrealized actions in the past (I could have bought it) or to show criticism (You should have done it).


Verbals

PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE:

to have been writing

(to have been + participle I)

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive shows that an action in progress began a certain time before the action expressed by the finite verb:

He was believed to have been travelling for the last three weeks.

INDEFINITE INFINITIVE PASSIVE:

to be written

(to be + participle II)

He was to be found nowhere.

PERFECT INFINITIVE PASSIVE: to have been written

(to have been + participle II)

Jane is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.

Note: The Passive Continuous Infinitive exists, but is phonetically awkward and rarely used.

The above-mentioned forms can be used in full, then we have the so-called full infinitive:

He was happy to learn the news.

However, the infinitive can be shortened to avoid repetition. The infinitive becomes shortened when it is unnecessary to use the full infinitive, because it is understood from the context:

They advised me to refuse, but I preferred not to.

Furthermore, the infinitive is sometimes used without the particle to. In this case it is called the bare or the plain infinitive. In modern English we find the bare infinitive after the following verbs and phrases:

1) auxiliary verb do:

• I did not say that.

2) modal verbs can, could, shall, should, may, might, will,
would, must
:

• You must be tired.


 



 


Минченков А. Г.


Verbals


 


3) the verb dare is followed by the bare infinitive:

a) in rhetorical questions beginning with how:

• How dare she talk back!

b) in negative sentences and true questions when dare is used
without an auxiliary:

Dare he refuse? - No, he dare not refuse.

Dare he do it?

Dare can be followed by both the bare and the full infinitive when it is used with an auxiliary:

Will he dare (to) refuse?

He did not dare (to) come.

Finally, dare is used with a full infinitive:

— in affirmative sentences (which are not very common, though):

He may dare to propose to her some day.

when dare is used in the participle form:

They passed by, not daring to look up.

4) the verb need when the latter is used without an auxiliary in
interrogative and negative sentences:

Need she go now?

She need not make the choice herself.

When need is used affirmatively or with an auxiliary it always takes the full infinitive:

Does she need to go?

I do not need to do the shopping today.

I need to speak to them.

5) Both the bare and the full infinitive can be used after the verb
help:

• I helped her (to) carry the heavy suitcase.


6) Know may be used with the bare infinitive only in the Present
Perfect tense when the infinitive forms part of the Objective
Infinitive Construction, although this use is optional and the
full infinitive is possible too:

I have never known him (to) say a thing like that.

7) The verb let is always used with the bare infinitive, which usually
comes after an object:

Let him swim in this river.

Note also sentences like:

Let go (of) the rope!

Live and let live.

The bare infinitive is used when let is in the passive form, but this use is rare:

A remark was let slip that nothing had been done yet.

8) The causative verb make in the active takes the bare infinitive:

She made me get up early.

Make in the passive takes the full infinitive:

I was made to get up early.

Note also the set expression make do (= 'manage'):

We will have to make do with what we have got.

9) The verb have takes the bare infinitive to mean 'to persuade',
'to ask' or 'to order':

I will have them come in a moment.

• I had my mother do that for me.

Have in the negative form is used with the bare infinitive to mean 'not to allow':

I won't have them behave like that in my house.


8 9


 

Минченков А. Г.


Verbals


 


10) The verbs feel, hear, see, watch, etc. (see Infinitive Constructions):

• I heard them come.

However, when see and hear are used in the passive they take the full infinitive:

He was seen to enter the office building.

 

11) Why and why not take the bare infinitive in questions without a
subject:

Why not go to the cinema tonight?

Why wait?

12) The expressions would rather, would sooner:

I would rather go now.

I'd rather not say.

I'd sooner not bother him.

Note that these expressions can be used with two bare infinitives:

I'd rather walk than go by bus.

I'd sooner read than watch this film.

Note also that the perfect infinitive can be used after them to show regret or unrealized wish in the past:

• I became a doctor, but I'd rather have become a lawyer.

13) The expression had better:

You 'd better take a taxi.

I had better have come earlier.

14) The bare infinitive follows the conjunction but (= 'except')
when it goes with do (+ nothing, anything, everything)

There is nothing to do but tell the truth.

My cat does everything but speak.


15) The infinitive without to comes after the expressions cannot
(could not) but
and can't (could not) help but (mostly in formal
English):

It cannot but have some effect on the future developments.
Note also the combination can but try:

• I can but try to do it (= I can only try; I can't promise I will
succeed)
.

16) The bare infinitive is optional in phrases with all and only:

All you have to do is (to) add water.

The only thing we can do is (to) send a fax.

17) The combination rather than is followed by the bare infinitive:

Rather than waste time doing it yourself why don't you call a
plumber?

Note:A gerund is often used after rather than instead of the bare infinitive:

I'd like to tell the truth rather than lying.

2. STRUCTURES WITH THE INFINITIVE

In modern English the infinitive can be used:

a) singly: • I have a nice book to read.

b) in a phrase, where the infinitive has one or more words

dependent upon it: • I have a nice book to read on







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