UNIT SEVEN
Task 1. Listen to the recorded words. Write them down in transcription. Practise their pronunciation and learn their meanings. Exclamatory Interrogative Imperative Affirmative Negative Progressive Perfect Simple Future Present Past Countable Personal Demonstrative Relative Adjectives Subject Verbal Object Adverbial modifier Attribute Predicate Predicative Indefinite Definite Comparison Comparative Superlative Common Abstract Reflexive Direct Indirect Uncountable General Special Alternative Disjunctive Linking phrases Word order Grammatical structure Plural Singular Number Gender Case Homogeneous Genitive Possessive Preposition Phrasal verbs Inflexions Affixes Suffixes Prefixes Italics Cause Subordinate Principal Nominative Conjunction
Task 2. Listen to the recorded words. Write them in the right columns. Transcribe them.
Agreement Sequence of tenses Sequence of tones Conditional Alliteration Assonance Grammatical meaning Word stress Rhythm Stress-timed Syllable-timed Rhythmic group Exclamatory Interrogative Imperative Affirmative Negative Progressive Perfect Simple Future Present Past Countable Personal Demonstrative Relative Adjectives Subject Object Adverbial modifier Passive Active Gerund Participle Attribute Tag-question Predicate Tomogram Predicative Indefinite Definite Comparison Comparative Syntagm Calling intonation Superlative Common Abstract Syllabic Morpheme Elliptical Extended Logical stress Feminine Masculine Transcription Reflexive direct indirect Uncountable General Special Alternative Disjunctive Linking phrases Word order Grammatical structure Plural Singular Number Gender Case Nominative Genitive Possessive Preposition Accent Accentuation Primary Secondary Affixes Suffixes Function words Alternative Disjunctive Prefixes Italics Cause Inflexions Subordinate Principal Task 3. Analyse and compare initial two-, three-, four-consonant clusters in English and Ukrainian using dictionaries of the corresponding languages. Find differences and similarities. Find out the most typical consonantal clusters in both languages. Illustrate your analysis filling in the table. Example: a)
b)
c)
Task 4. Listen to the following words containing the lateral sonorant /l/. Write them in the right columns. Transcribe the words. Remember, the lateral sonorant /l/ is realised in speech in its two allophones: (1) the clear /l/ used at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word before a vowel, e.g. lake, spelling; and (2) the dark /ł/ used in the middle of a word before a consonant and at the end of a word if a pause follows, e.g. build, spell. The two allophones of /l/ do not distinguish words from each other. The clear /l/ is typical of the British English only thus differentiating Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GAm). The dark /ł/ is often syllabic, e.g. people /| pi: – pł/, middle /|mId – ł/.
Let – tell Less – sell Lit – pill Feel – fill Still – silly Tell – teller Full – fuller Tild – tilt Light – flight Leed – please Late – plate Lip – kill Lit – till Task 5. Look through the words inTasks 1, 2,and add to the table those which contain clear /l/ and dark /ł/. Exclamatory Masculine Reflexive Syllable Singular Plural Simple Countable Personal Adverbial Superlative Reflexive Uncountable Elliptical Calling Logical Syllabic Conditional Italics General Principal Special Alternative Relative Verbal Grammatical Linking Phrasal Inflexions Alliteration Alternative Special Inflexions Allophone
Task 6. Listen to the following dialogues and exercises, concentrate on the intonation of congratulations, sympathy and surprise. Write them down, lay stress-and-tone marks. Formulate the rules of their intonational and grammatical organisation, define differences if any. Establish the most typical nuclear tones used in them. Do it in writing. Thompson p.15-18. Task 7. Read the text given below. Make sure you understand what it is about. Divide each sentence into syntagms, lay stresses and tone marks, practise your reading technique. Record your reading. English has a number of regional accents. Even within such a relatively small area as England there are many accents. The existence of dialects raises a problem for the student wishing to learn English. Everyone is free to speak as he likes, but in practice we find that a certain kind of English is more widely accepted as a model as any other. This is the type of English known as Received Pronunciation or, as phoneticians often call it, “RP”. This is the type of English most often heard among educated people in Southern England. It is used by the majority of Londoners who have had a university education, and it is commonly heard in Oxford and Cambridge. Moreover, RP is the pronunciation used by the announcers employed by the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is chosen in many places as the model to be followed.
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