Emissions

 

1. to emit | to give off [ transitive ] to send something out into the air, especially gas, light, heat, or sound выбрасывать, извергать, выделять; излучать; испускать

to emit sth (into the air / atmosphere // from sth): The chimney emitted clouds of smoke. | The factory has been emitting black smoke from its chimneys, which is against the law. | An average car emits five lungfuls of poisonous carbon monoxide gas per mile. | Hundreds of different types of hydrocarbons are emitted from vehicle exhausts. | A volcano emits smoke and ashes. | The Earth emits natural radiation.

to give sth off: Natural gas gives off less carbon dioxide than coal. | When they die, plants give off gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. | Try not to breathe in the fumes given off by the paint.

2. to discharge [ transitive; intransitive ] to send out waste liquid, gas, smoke etc, or to allow it to escape, especially when this has harmful effects сбрасывать; выпускать, спускать, выливать, сливать; извергать

to discharge sth (into / from sth // at sea): Large amounts of dangerous waste are discharged daily by the factory. | There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged. | Many cities discharge their sewage into the sea without treating it at all. | The mercury was discharged from a local chemical plant. | Most deaths are caused not by catastrophic accidents but by fouling from oil that is illegally but routinely discharged from ships. | The resulting salty water will be discharged at sea.

sth discharges into / from sth: The oil which discharged into the sea seriously harmed a lot of birds and animals. | Rainwater collects here and then discharges into the river Kennett.

3. to release [ transitive ] to allow something such as a chemical to spread into the area or atmosphere around it выбрасывать; выпускать; выделять

to release sth: Sewage plants that turn sludge into safer materials certainly help the environment, but they do release some chemicals. | Harmful quantities of radiation are also released both before and after the uranium fuel enters the power station. | This is about the energy that would be released if a hydrogen atom could be totally converted into energy.

to release sth into the air / atmosphere / environment / river / sea / soil: Additionally, this waste is a potential source of pollution when it degrades, releasing undesirable chemicals into the soil and air. | Coal power stations release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. | As fossil fuels are burned, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. | Oil was released into the sea. | No product can be released into the environment without the prior authorization of the relevant controlling body.

4. to belch | to spew [ transitive; intransitive ] to send out a large amount of smoke, steam, flames etc, or to come out of something in large amounts выбрасывать, извергать

to belch sth (out) | to spew sth (out / forth) | to belch / spew sth into the air: The truck was belching black smoke. | The car belched out clouds of smoke. | The power-generation plant belched out five tonnes of ash an hour. | Rubbish litters our countryside, toxic fumes are belched into our air and radioactive discharge pollutes our seas. | A volcano belches out smoke and ashes. | The volcano spewed out more scorching volcanic ashes, gases and rocks. | Factory chimneys spewed fumes out into the sky. | That upsets some anti-nuclear activists, who claim that a rocket explosion could spew cancer-causing radioactivity into the atmosphere.

to belch / spew from / out from sth | to belch / spew into the air: Blue smoke belched from the car's exhaust pipe. | Black smoke belched out from the forest fire. | Suddenly, clouds of steam started to belch from the engine. | Brown water spewed from the tap. | This leads to premature wear and plumes of blue smoke spewing from the exhaust.

5. to spill [ intransitive; transitive ] to (cause to) accidentally flow out of a container проливать(ся), разливать(ся)

to spill: No one was injured and no oil was spilled during the incident. | Most of the oil spilled is not from those dramatic spills.

to spill from sth: Oil is still spilling from the stricken ship. | 70,000 tonnes of oil spilled from the tanker.

to spills into sth: Millions of gallons of crude oil spilled into the sea, causing widespread shore damage. | More than 72,000 tonnes of crude oil spilled into the estuary after the tanker ran aground in 1996.

6. to leak [ intransitive; transitive ] (of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container; (of a container or pipe) to allow liquid or gas to escape вытекать; просачиваться; давать течь, протекать, подтекать; пропускать

liquid / gas leaks from / into sth: Oil was leaking from the pipeline. | Contaminated water leaked from the nuclear reactor. | Radioactive water has leaked into the reservoir. | Industrial waste leaked into the water supply.

a container / pipe leaks: The petrol tank is leaking.

a container / pipe leaks liquid / gas: A tanker is leaking oil off the coast of Scotland. | The broken tanker has leaked thousands of tonnes of crude oil and threatens to destroy the wildlife paradise of the Shetlands.

7. emission (1) [ countable – usually plural ] an amount of gas or other substance that is sent into the air выброс, выбросы (в окружающую среду): Motor vehicles account for 72 percent of all harmful emissions. | They are expected to halve pollution caused by large commercial vehicles, bringing them into line with regulations governing car exhaust emissions.

to cut (back) / reduce / slash emissions: Britain has agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations. | It estimates that in that time it cut its carbon dioxide emissions by 20 percent. | They are demanding that richer countries cut back their carbon emissions to compensate. | We will meet our international obligations to reduce harmful chimney emissions. | Industrialized countries could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20 per cent. | We have slashed soot and dust emissions by nearly 90 percent.

emissions decline: Emissions from power stations have declined since 1979.

a reduction / cut in emissions / the emission of sth: The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK.

to curb / limit / control / stabilize emissions: The market could grow much bigger if countries further subsidize wind power to curb greenhouse gas emissions. | Governments, airlines and passengers should take action to curb global emissions, the report concluded. | Both countries would also limit nitrogen oxide emissions through stricter controls on motor vehicles. | The oil industry would be faced with the cost of meeting the ever higher burden of controlling emissions at the manufacturing plants. | Gas is environmentally helpful in achieving the Government's target of stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2005.

to increase emissions: It would increase emissions by a mere 11 percent. | But Clinton insists that new technologies will improve energy efficiency, enabling developing countries to continue economic growth without increasing emissions.

emissions increase: U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide are still increasing. | Sulphur dioxide emissions would also increase if that strategy were implemented.

sth produces emissions: In Johansson's model, this option produced lower emissions, but they were not low enough.

to achieve zero emissions: Public transport of the future may use fuel cells to achieve zero emissions.

emissions from sth / into sth: Sulfur emissions from steel mills become acid rain. | Unlike incineration, there are no emissions into the atmosphere. | The report also mentions poorly designed and inefficiently used dust yards as a major source of secondary emissions into the atmosphere.

harmful / toxic / car / automobile / exhaust / industrial / gas / carbon / dioxide / oxide / sulphur emissions | emissions of sth: The Board claims that environmentalists have underestimated the degree of protection afforded by clouds and industrial emissions. | Washington continues to challenge the scientific claim that global warming is in part caused by emissions of carbon dioxide.

emission level(s): In addition, diesels generally require less maintenance than petrol engines and can retain impressive emission levels over large mileages.

(to set / establish) emission standards (for sth) / standards on emissions | (to set / place / impose) emission limits (on / for sth) / limits on emissions | (to set / put / impose) emission ceilings (on sth) / ceilings on emissions: Those are a necessary complement to last year's directive on emission standards for heavy duty diesel vehicles. | The year saw continued progress in setting tighter standards on emissions and in-use testing around the world. | As technology improves, thereby making it possible to set a lower emission standard, new sources face increasingly more strict controls. | This sets strict limits on emissions in an effort to reduce the country's contribution to global warming and acid rain. | Apart from general operating conditions, it has set emission limits for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. | So they risk losing most potential economic growth if a climate treaty sets ceilings on emissions.

to meet emission(s) standards: The exhaust emissions standards could only be met with current technology by installing three-way catalytic converters in petrol-driven vehicles.

(2) [ uncountable ] the act of sending gas, heat, or light into the air выделение; распространение излучение; испускание: The emission of gases such as carbon dioxide should be stabilized at their present level. | It is usually caused by the emission of particulates or nitrogen dioxide.

8. fumes [ plural ] strong, unpleasant and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke испарение; газы: The four great chimneys to his left spewing out their fumes into the grey cloud. | They have been protesting about fumes from a chlorine factory.

to give off fumes выделять испарения / газы: And there is the paint they use which gives off really bad fumes. | Do not buy foam-filled furniture if you can avoid it, as it can give off lethal fumes when it ignites. | Some rags, which had apparently been used to wipe it out, gave off oil fumes.

to breathe (in) / inhale fumes: The National Institute on Drug Abuse has estimated that 1,000 teens die annually by breathing fumes from easily accessible products. | According to the latest figures at least two youngsters die every week as a direct result of inhaling solvent fumes.

to be overcome by fumes получить отравление испарениями / газами: Several residents of the area were overcome by toxic fumes. | Many people were overcome by fumes from the burning factory.

car / vehicle / traffic / exhaust / gas / petrol / diesel / oil / chemical / noxious / toxic / cigar / cigarette fumes | fumes of sth: Traffic fumes raised pollution to record levels yesterday. | The atmosphere was being poisoned, every green thing blighted, and every stream fouled with chemical fumes and waste. | The site would clean toxin-laced dirt by burning it, sending noxious fumes into nearby skies. | We campaigned ferociously to ban the stuff that could kill people in minutes with its toxic fumes.

9. exhaust / car / automobile / vehicle fumes / gas(es) / emissions | exhaust [ uncountable ] waste gas or steam produced by an engine as it works выхлопные / отработавшие газы: Cars and lorries cause air pollution through exhaust fumes. | The city's streets are filthy and choked with exhaust fumes. | The carbon deposit was thought to come from car exhaust fumes from a large car park close to the church. | The column of burning exhaust gas strikes the ground and seems to spread out in all directions. | Approximately 100,000 cars clog the narrow streets each day and exhaust gases are eroding the city's ancient monuments. | Puffs of hardened car exhaust linger in the air on busy streets. | They are expected to halve pollution caused by large commercial vehicles, bringing them into line with regulations governing car exhaust emissions. | It's also much quieter and even better behaved, by that we mean it burns cleaner with less exhaust emissions.

10. discharge [ uncountable; countable ] the act of sending out waste liquid, gas, smoke etc, or the substance that is sent out, especially when this has harmful effects сброс; выпуск, спуск, слив; сток

(the / a) discharge (of sth) / discharges (into / to sth // from sth): Discharge of raw sewage into the sea is unsanitary and unsafe. | This will eliminate the disposal of waste acid in the North Sea and significantly reduce discharge to the River Tees. | The discharge of harmful chemicals into drinking water is banned. | Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of poisonous chemicals from a nearby factory. | The authorities are particularly concerned about discharges from nuclear power stations. | The major sources of pollution were oil spills, discharges from refineries and natural seepage from oil-bearing strata. | All discharges and disposals of radioactive waste from Springfields were within relevant limits.

11. release [ uncountable ] a situation in which something such as a chemical is spread into the area or atmosphere around it выброс; выпуск; выделение

(the) release of sth into the atmosphere / air / environment / river / sea / soil: The burning of coal, oil and gas to provide energy results in the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. | The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. | The release of these toxic substances into the environment is potentially devastating.

12. oil spill / spillage [ countable; uncountable ] an amount of oil that has accidentally flowed out of a container разлив нефти: In 1989, there was a massive oil spill in Alaska. | The oil spill threatens (an unparalleled) ecological catastrophe. | Oil spills have sullied thousands of acres. | Entire coastal bays and lagoons along the coast have been fouled by oil spills and the runoff of toxic chemicals. | It was like cleaning up after an oil spill. | The oil spillage has polluted the harbour. | The remainder were largely due to sewage, industrial pollution or oil spillages.

13. leak [ countable ] an escape of liquid or gas through a hole or crack in something; an amount of liquid or gas that comes out of a hole or crack in something течь, протечка, утечка; просачивание: The chemical leak poisoned the water supply. | Chemical leaks have had a disastrous effect on wildlife. | They stressed, however, that there had been no radiation leak at the plant, which is of the Chernobyl type. | The first reactor was closed down for repairs earlier this year after a gas leak. | A gas leak caused the explosion / blast.

14. exhaust (pipe) | tailpipe (American English) [ countable ] a pipe on a vehicle or machine through which waste gas or steam passes выхлопная труба; вытяжка: An exhaust pipe for a car will fall into this exception. | The car needs a new exhaust. | From what goes into a vehicle to what comes out its tailpipe, Arizona lawmakers have not leaned on diesel.

 

 

Waste

 

1. waste [ uncountable ] | wastes [ plural ] | waste product [ countable ] unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something отходы (производства): That means councils are having to rethink the way they deal with waste. | Their wastes include solvents, fuels, mine tailings, radioactive wastes, and unexploded bombs and shells.

to produce / create waste давать отходы: Britain produces 20 million tonnes of household waste each year. | Greenpeace is campaigning for the closure of all industries producing wastes containing organochlorides, including dioxins. | Nuclear power carries the risk of accidents and produces radioactive waste which will pollute the environment for centuries. | So households have no incentive to minimize or recycle the waste they create.

production of waste: It should include a review of energy usage and, where applicable, the production and disposal of waste.

waste producer: But the written description will have to be provided by all other commercial and industrial waste producers.

to reduce / cut (down / down on) waste: One objective is to reduce waste by 50 percent by 1995, particularly substances harmful to the environment. | We are therefore constantly looking for ways both to reduce the amount of waste we produce and to upgrade that which remains. | One such project was to have focused on reducing the toxic waste produced when making the plutonium core of nuclear missiles.

to bury waste захоронить отходы: Congress has tried to find a site to bury high-level nuclear wastes for decades, with a notable lack of success. | The thought of thousands of tonnes of radioactive waste being buried under their favourite stretch of countryside filled local residents with horror.

to store waste хранить отходы: Long-term storage is favoured by environmentalists as less nuclear waste is produced, although spent fuel cannot be stored indefinitely. | The country lacked the technology to store the waste safely and it was threatening water supplies. | They say it's irresponsible to store radioactive waste where it can be a public danger and a safety risk. | The dump is intended to store low- and intermediate-level waste from the year 2005.

storage of waste хранение отходов: a controversy over the storage of nuclear waste

to recycle / reprocess waste перерабатывать отходы: It's a good idea to recycle household waste. | The department is now advising other customers on how to recycle their waste. | Nature has the capacity to recycle wastes and reconstitute them into new resources of concentrated material quality. | The United Kingdom does not reprocess nuclear waste; we do not even import nuclear waste.

to incinerate waste сжигать отходы

(the) incineration of waste: They see incineration as a solution to toxic waste whose usefulness should be employed on a greater range of materials.

waste leaks / finds its way into a particular place отходы просачиваются: Industrial waste leaked into the water supply. | Chemical waste has found its way into the water supply.

household waste бытовые отходы: In the case of household waste, the price rarely covers more than a fraction of the cost of collection and sorting.

dangerous / hazardous / nuclear / radioactive / chemical / toxic / industrial waste: Under that programme, they have been able to demonstrate ways of breaking up many dangerous industrial wastes. | We do not believe that the United Kingdom should import any toxic and hazardous waste. | The ultimate question, however, was what would happen to the steadily accumulating stockpiles of nuclear waste in the long term. | Nuclear weapons plants across the country are heavily contaminated with toxic wastes. | The government has announced a ban on all imports of toxic waste from abroad.

2. refuse (formal) | rubbish (especially British English) | garbage (especially American English) | trash (American English) [ uncountable ] waste material that has been thrown away мусор, отходы, твердые отбросы: Heaps of decaying refuse littered every street. | We are gradually developing safer and more effective methods of refuse disposal. | I forgot to put the rubbish out for collection this morning. | Bigger garbage firms developed as concern about the safety of garbage dumps did. | The yards are overgrown and cluttered with trash.

household / domestic refuse / rubbish / garbage / trash бытовые отходы, бытовой мусор: This aims to reduce the mounting flood of household refuse, which currently stands at 70 million tonnes a year. | As with domestic refuse, the problems of methane gas generation also exist when disposing of industrial waste underground. | Furthermore, mixing up used disposables with the rest of the household rubbish makes it difficult to recycle them afterwards. | Disposal of our domestic rubbish is something we tend to forget about once it's been picked up by the dust-cart.

(to make a) refuse / rubbish / garbage / trash collection // collection of refuse / rubbish / garbage / trash (производить) уборку мусора / сбор отходов: A number of local authorities, for example, put out refuse collection to private tender. | Refuse collection has been seriously affected by the strike. | The Phoenix Department of Public Works does this by competing in garbage collection. | The District Council made a weekly collection of refuse. | Garbage collections are made every Tuesday morning.

to collect refuse / rubbish / garbage / trash убирать / вывозить мусор: The dustmen collect the rubbish on Thursdays. | But new measures have been taken, and sweeping machines constantly ply the main streets collecting rubbish.

to take out refuse / rubbish / garbage / trash выносить мусор: Can you take out the garbage when you go? | Mowing lawns and taking out the trash are jobs for the tenant.

3. litter [ uncountable ] waste paper, cans etc that people have thrown away and left on the ground in a public place, making it untidy сор, мусор; отходы: About 2% of fast-food packaging ends up as litter.

to drop litter | to throw litter into sth: People who drop litter can be fined in some cities. | Never throw litter into ponds or streams. | Always clear up after a picnic and never drop litter.

to pick up litter: Pick up your litter after a picnic. | I am tired of picking up litter thrown by other people.

to be full of litter: These streets are full of litter. | The park and river are full of litter.

to clear sth of litter | to clear litter from sth: The gutter between the sidewalk and granite slabs is cleared of leaves and litter. | On Wednesday we cleared a beach and woodland of litter.

litter-free: Local authorities will have a duty to keep their land litter-free.

4. chemical [ countable ] a substance used in chemistry or produced by a chemical process химикат, химический продукт, химическое вещество: Many industrially produced chemicals may cause cancer, birth defects, genetic mutations, or death. | Farmers are moving away from the use of chemicals and pesticides. | Sewage plants that turn sludge into safer materials certainly help the environment, but they do release some chemicals. | Additionally, this waste is a potential source of pollution when it degrades, releasing undesirable chemicals into the soil and air.

dangerous / hazardous / toxic chemicals: Dangerous chemicals banned in the United States often continue to be produced and shipped to developing countries. | Over the years indiscriminate dumping has resulted in a large number of environmentally dangerous sites that are leaking toxic and hazardous chemicals. | Numerous instances of the dumping or abandonment of toxic chemicals and other materials have been discovered. | Entire coastal bays and lagoons along the coast have been fouled by oil spills and the runoff of toxic chemicals.

5. sewage | sewerage [ uncountable ] the mixture of waste from the human body and used water that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground сточные воды; нечистоты: Recycled water can never be legally considered sewage. | Cities upstream use the river to get rid of sewage.

raw / untreated / crude sewage / sewerage неочищенные / необработанные сточные воды: Raw sewage was discharged into the ocean. | The factory secretly dumped millions of gallons of raw sewage into the Ohio river. | The resort has been accused of dumping raw sewage in the lake at least four times in the last three years. | In extreme wet weather, it allows untreated and unscreened sewage to escape to the River Forth.

treated sewage / sewerage очищенные / обработанные сточные воды: The plant, due to open in 1995, will pump treated sewage further offshore into Cape Cod Bay.

to treat sewage / sewerage очищать / обрабатывать сточные воды: It was many years before the city began to treat its sewage. | Ecologists argue that the benefits of treating sewage with disinfectants are doubtful.

sewage / sewerage treatment очистка / обработка сточных вод: Chlorine is used in sewage treatment.

sewage / sewerage disposal | (the) disposal of sewage / sewerage удаление / сброс сточных вод: Not surprisingly, these sites usually lack a water supply and provision for sewage disposal. | Some cities in the world do not have proper facilities for the disposal of sewage. | Then add on the local charge for sewerage disposal.

sewage / sewerage pollution загрязнение сточными водами: He's certain it's caused by sewage pollution. | According to the Society, the major health hazard is still sewage pollution.

to dump sewage / sewerage into / in a particular place: A million tonnes of untreated sewage is dumped into the sea.

to pump / pipe sewage / sewerage into / out to a particular place: Untreated sewage is being pumped into the sea, from where it pollutes our beaches. | It's not enough to get rid of raw sewage by pumping it out to sea.

sewage / sewerage pours into a particular place: Thousands of tons of filth and sewage pour into the Ganges every day.

6. effluent [ uncountable; countable ] (formal) liquid waste such as sewage, chemicals or waste from factories, usually flowing into the sea or rivers сточные воды; очищенные сточные воды; сброс, отток, отвод сточных вод (после очистки нечистот): The chemical effluent from the process flows untreated into the rivers. | In a report on marine pollution, the organization states that 12,000 pipes have been licensed to discharge industrial effluent. | Although we tend to think of industrial effluent, sewage is a more important source of pollution. | Effluents from local factories are finding their way into the river. | The effluent from the factory was dumped into the river. | All industrial chemical plants produce waste effluents. | The effluents we pour heedlessly into its waters are a threat to its delicate ecological balance.

7. repository [ countable ] (formal) a place where large quantities of things are stored or kept safe хранилище; склад: a nuclear waste repository | It also recommends that the debate over the choice of 28 sites as possible repositories for nuclear waste should be re-opened.

8. (waste) dump | (waste) tip (British English) | refuse / rubbish dump / tip (British English) | garbage / trash dump (American English) [ countable ] a place where large amounts of waste are taken and left, usually outside a town (мусорная) свалка, место свалки: The dumps were generating explosive gases and leaching noxious chemicals that polluted underground water sources. | Some environmentalists have expressed concern that using old mines as waste dumps could be both dangerous and expensive. | But over the past century we have made it into a rubbish dump. | They've agreed to postpone development of a rubbish dump for at least 10 years. | The time has come to find a solution to prevent Britain becoming one big, dangerous rubbish tip. | Officers found a large bread knife on the rubbish tip. | Countless numbers of discarded water jugs and plastic trash bags have turned many areas into garbage dumps.

town / municipal / council dump / tip городская свалка: Municipal rubbish tips are some of the most important feeding areas for gulls, crows, vultures and kites. | Here there was a natural beach, bordered by a thin band of scrub: beyond it was the council rubbish dump. | The largest group work at the municipal garbage dump near the banks of the river Cauca.

dangerous / hazardous / nuclear / toxic waste(s) dump: There is still no provision for a national toxic wastes dump. | Communities of fish and invertebrates are attracted to structures such as oil platforms and nuclear waste dumps.

9. dump / waste site | dumping ground [ countable ] a place where large amounts of dangerous waste are taken and left место захоронения отходов; место сброса отходов; место свалки; свалка: Dangerous wastes will be deposited by error in the rivers and the dump sites that endanger residential neighbourhoods. | Friends of the Earth is urging local authorities to use the new laws as a means of prosecuting polluting dump sites. | Toxic waste sites are more prevalent in poorer communities. | Three out of every five black and Hispanic Americans live in the vicinity of an uncontrolled toxic waste site. | Despite the good intentions of RCRA, numerous hazardous waste sites were created throughout the country. | The operation made financial and environmental sense by eliminating the need to use a hazardous waste site.

dumping ground (for sth): Most people do not want this country to become a dumping ground for toxic waste. | Eastern Europe is rapidly becoming a dumping-ground for radioactive residues. | Rivers have always been a dumping ground for man's unwanted waste.

10. landfill (1) [ uncountable ] the practice of burying waste under the ground, or the waste buried in this way захоронение отходов; закапывание мусора / отходов: the environmental costs of landfill

(2) landfill site / tip [ countable ] a place where waste is buried under the ground мусорная свалка: Through lawsuits and protests, toxic landfills and dumps near the Hudson River were closed. | Ninety per cent of American rubbish is dumped in landfill sites. | Currently 95 percent of it is buried in landfill sites at an annual average of half a tonne of rubbish per household. | Solid wastes are either burnt or buried in landfill tips and fluid wastes are dumped in the sea. | But it's becoming a major issue as landfill sites fill up.