LEAD-IN.
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| Г-н Гроув, я хотел бы узнать, как обстоят дела с товарами по заказу № 293-А, размещенными нами на Вашем складе.
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| Mr. Basov, we have acted in full compliance with your instructions and the goods of your Order 293-A are packed and ready for dispatch.
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| Очень хорошо, г-н Гроув. Меня также интересует, какая маркировка нанесена на ящики. Вы знаете, насколько этот момент важен во время погрузочно-разгрузочных работ.
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| You are quite right, Mr. Basov. The boxes are marked FRAGILE and DO NOT TURN OVER. Besides there is our checker's mark on the side of each box.
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| Прекрасно. Скажите, пожалуйста, а как выглядит контрольная отметка?
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| It is a blue label with a packer's number and date on it.
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| Я вижу, Вы тщательно выполнили наши инструкции по упаковке и маркировке, и мы очень рады, что обратились к Вашей транспортной компании. А когда мы получим грузовую накладную?
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| After you have filled in, signed and returned the shipping instructions form to us I will hand you in the waybill.
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| Спасибо, г-н Гроув. Я надеюсь, что мы продолжим сотрудничество с Вашей компанией.
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| Glad to hear it, Mr. Basov. We would like to provide a wider range of services to your company. I have brought a folder which will show you the types of packing we specialize in. Our company is equipped to handle any type of goods. We can collect your goods to be packed by any method required for transport by sea, air, or road and arrange shipments to any European country as well as to countries outside Europe.
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MARINE TRANSPORTATION
FOCUS 1. Read and discuss the following lead-in and letters.
LEAD-IN
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Most goods nowadays have to go by ship.
There are various types of vessels available to carry different goods.
Passenger liners are ships that follow scheduled routes and concentrate on passenger services, but also carry cargo.
Passenger cargo vessels concentrate on cargoes, offer more facilities for loading and unloading, but carry few passengers.
Trampstravel anywhere in the world on unscheduled routes, picking up any cargo and delivering it.
Tankers are usually oil carriers, and are like bulk carriers which transport bulk consignments such as grain, wheat and ores.
Container vessels offer facilities to move containers from one country to another, and have special lifting gear and storage space for the huge steel boxes they transport.
Roll-on roll-off ferries are vessels which allow cars and trucks to drive on at one port and off at another without having to load and unload their freight.
There are also barges, large flat-bottomed boats, which transport goods inland along canals and waterways, and lighters which do the same work as a barge, or are used for taking goods from a port out to a ship, or vice versa.
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The shipowners may belong to a shipping conference and will charge fixed rates for transporting goods.
Other vessels can be chartered, on a time basis (time charter covers a period of time) or voyage basis (voyage charter covers the carriage of goods from one specified port to another) or on a mixed charter, through shipbrokers (e.g. on the Baltic exchange) who will negotiate rates for their clients. Voyage charter charges are calculated on the tonnage value of the cargo. Time charter charges are calculated on the tonnage of the ship.
The main documents used in shipping are the following.
The contract between the shipowner and the charterer is called the charter party.
Sailing cards give particulars of loading and sailing dates.
A freight account is an invoice sent by the shipping company to the exporter stating their charges.
Once the goods are received on the dock, a shipping note with a receipt, is handed to the Superintendent of the docks, advising him that the goods are to be shipped. A dock receipt (sometimes called a wharfinger’s receipt), which is a receipt issued for cargo deposited at dock warehouses, will be returned to the consignor confirming that the goods are stored and awaiting shipment.
Tally is the record or list of cargo loaded or discharged; it is checked by a tally clerk, therefore to tally means to be correct.
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Once the goods are on board the ship, a mate’s receipt may be sent, acknowledging that the goods have been loaded. The mate’s receipt is often sent when the consignment is loaded directly, and serves as a document of the title until the bill of lading is ready.
The bill of lading is the most important document in shipping as it is a document of legal title to the consignment. Moreover, it is a receipt from shipowners giving details of the shipment in question and the conditions under which they accept it: so it is a contract. The words “to order” written on it mean that it is a negotiable instrument and can be traded. In this case it will be endorsed on the back by the exporter and if the endorsement is blank there will be no restrictions on ownership.
Once the bill has been signed by the master of the vessel, it is known as a shipped bill of lading or “shipped on board”, which means that the goods have been loaded on board and the shipping company will now accept responsibility in accordance with the clauses on the back of the document. Shipped bills are usually required in transactions involving payment through a bank. Bills are marked “clean” to indicate that the goods were taken on board in “the like good order and condition”. Dirty, claused, foul or unclean B/L indicates that on inspection something wrong was found with the consignment, e.g. packing, or the goods were damaged. Thus a clause is added to the BL by the shipowners specifying the discrepancy. This statement protects the shipping company from claims that they were responsible for the damage or bad condition of the consignment.
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Forwarding agents
Carriage by sea can be a complicated business, since the exporter and the importer both have to observe a variety of rules and regulations which involve a great deal of paperwork.
That is why the exporter often applies to forwarding agents to arrange both import and export shipments. In case of the former forwarding agents collect the consignment, arrange shipment, and if required, packing, and handle all documentation including making out the bill of lading, obtain insurance, send commercial invoices and pay the shipping company for their clients.
They also inform the importer's forwarding agent that the shipment is on its way by sending an advice note, and he, in turn, will inform his client, send the goods on to him, or arrange for them to be stored until collected. Many forwarding agents in importing countries also act as clearing agents ensuring that the goods are cleared through the customs and are sent to the importer.
Forwarding agents handle many shipments and they collect consignments for the same destination and get competitive "groupage rates" for sending a lot of consignments in one shipment.
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