Overall assessment of the knowledge 2 страница

5. Обеспечивает через биопотенциалов

101. Biopotentials:

1. are potentials emerging in cells, tissues and organs in the process of their life activity;

2. electrical voltage emerging in spatial structural substances;

3. potential difference of two points of any conductor;

4. electric current emerging in living medium;

5. electric current emerging in spatial structural substances.

102. Registering of tissues and organs biopotentials:

1. autoradiography;

2. electrography;

3. X-ray diagnostics;

4. thermography;

5. phonocardiography.

103. Resting potential:

1. potential difference between cytoplasm of unexcited cell and environment;

2. potential of electric field within the unexcited cell and environment;

3. potential emerging on the internal side of unexcited cell membrane;

4. potential emerging on the external side of unexcited cell membrane;

5. potential of magnetic field within the unexcited cell and environment.

104. At excitation potential difference between a cell and environment:

1. action potential arises;

2. potential difference arises;

3. internal forces arise;

4. external forces arise;

5. forces potential arises.

105. Potential difference between cytoplasm and environment:

1. external forces;

2. internal forces;

3. resting potential;

4. action potential;

5. action force.

106. Equation of equilibrium membrane potential:

1. Poiseuille equation;

2. Nernst equation;

3. Newton equation;

4. Hagen equation;

5. Hooke’s law.

107. Nernst equation:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

108. Goldman equation:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

109. Formula of membrane permeability coefficient:

1.

2.

3. ;

4.

5.

110. Electric voltage arising in cells and tissues of biological objects:

1. electric field;

2. electromagnetic waves;

3. biopotentials;

4. biological membranes;

5. electroconductivity.

111. A process corresponding to the action potential:

1. magnetization;

2. demagnetization;

3. heat release;

4. depolarization and repolarization;

5. polarization.

112. Phases of action potential:

1. magnetization;

2. demagnetization;

3. heat release;

4. ascending and descending;

5. polarization.

113. Permeability of membrane at cell excitation in initial period:

1. increases for K⁺ ions;

2. decreases for Na⁺ ions;

3. decreases for K⁺ ions;

4. increases for Na⁺ ions;

5. increases for Cl^- ions.

114. Action potential propagates along the nervous fiber without attenuation:

1. in air medium;

2. in inactive medium;

3. in active medium;

4. in isotropic medium;

5. in anisotropic medium.

115. Charge of intacellular medium in comparison with extracellular one:

1. in rest is negative, in maximum of action potential is positive;

2. in rest is positive, in maximum of action potential is negative;

3. is always positive;

4. is always negative;

5. always equals to zero.

116. Condition of the arising of action potential:

1. presence of potassium and sodium concentration gradients;

2. presence of chlorine ions concentration gradient;

3. excessive diffusion of magnesium ions;

4. excessive diffusion of calcium ions;

5. excessive diffusion of phosphorus ions.

117. Potentials of ionic type:

1. diffusive, membrane, phase;

2. diffusive, membrane, passive;

3. membrane, phase, active;

4. diffusive, membrane;

5. diffusive, membrane, resting potential.

118. Duration of cardiomyocyte action potential in comparison with the axon action potential:

1. more;

2. less;

3. the same;

4. equals to zero;

5. doesn’t change.

119. Plateau phase in cardiomyocytes is determined by ion fluxes:

1. J_Na inside, J_K inside;

2. J_K inside, J_Cl inside;

3. J_K outside, J_Ca inside;

4. J_Na outside, J_H⁺ inside;

5. J_Ca inside, J_Mg inside.

120. Depolarization phase in cardiomyocytes is determined by ion fluxes:

1. J_Na inside;

2. J_K inside;

3. J_K outside;

4. J_Na outside;

5. J_Ca inside.

121. Repolarization phase in cardiomyocytes is determined by ion fluxes:

1. J_Na inside;

2. J_K inside;

3. J_K outside;

4. J_Na outside;

5. J_Ca inside.

122. Ionic channels in biological membranes:

1. independently on ∆φ_м;

2. conductivity of channels depends on Т;

3. channel transfer K⁺, Na⁺ and Сa²⁺ the same way;

4. there are separate channels for different types of ions;

5. conductivity of channels depends on φ.

123. Resting potential:

1. corresponds to the repolarization process;

2. corresponds to the polarization process;

3. corresponds to the depolarization process;

4. corresponds to the refractoriness process;

5. corresponds to the refractoriness and depolarization processes.

124. At the resting state cytoplasmic membrane is maximally permeable for ions of:

F) К

G) Na

H) Cl

I) Ca

J) Mg

125. Ascending phase of action potential:

1. corresponds to the repolarization process;

2. corresponds to the polarization process;

3. corresponds to the depolarization process;

4. corresponds to the refractoriness process;

5. corresponds to the refractoriness and depolarization processes.

126. Membrane potential φ_м:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

127. At the resting state ratio of membrane permeability coefficients of squid axon for different ions is:

1. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=0.04:1:0.45

2. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=1:20:0.45

3. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=1:0.04:0.45

4. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=20:0.04:0.45

5. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=0.45:0.04:1

128. At the excitation state ratio of membrane permeability coefficients of squid axon for different ions is:

1. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=0.04:1:0.45

2. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=1:20:0.45

3. P_k:P_Na:P_cl=1:0.04:0.45

4. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=20:0.04:0.45

5. P_k:Р_Na:P_cl=0.45:0.04:1

129. Excitation of the membrane:

1. is described by Goldman equation;

2. is described by Newton equation;

3. is described by Hodgkin-Huxley equation;

4. is described by Nernst equation;

5. is described by Einstein equation.

130. Hodgkin-Huxley equation:

1.

2.

3. ;

4.

5.

131. Absolute value of equilibrium potential of Nernst:

1. doesn’t change with temperature increasing;

2. decreases with temperature increasing;

3. increases with temperature increasing;

4. initially increases then decreases with temperature increasing;

5. initially decreases then increases with temperature increasing;

132. Absolute value of Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz stationary potential:

1. initially increases then decreases with temperature increasing;

2. initially decreases then increases with temperature increasing;

3. doesn’t change with temperature increasing;

4. increases with temperature increasing;

5. decreases with temperature increasing.

133. Biopotentials are subdivided into:

1. equilibrium, nonequilibrium, simple.

2. active, passive, impulse;

3. muscular, neuro-cerebral, diffusive;

4. phasic, nonequilibrium, active;

5. diffusive, membrane, phasic.

134. Action potential arises at:

1. stationary state;

2. transfer of substances;

3. excitation, potential difference between the cell and environment;

4. excitation, temperature difference in membrane and cell;

5. membrane excitation.

135. General changing of potential on the membrane occurring at cell excitation:

1. density of substance flux through the membrane;

2. resting potential;

3. membrane potential;

4. distribution of potential in nervous fiber;

5. action potential.

136. In the moment pf excitation polarity of membrane changes to opposite:

1. polarization;

2. repolarization;

3. depolarization;

4. deformation;

5. reverberation.

137. Electrodes for biopotentials removal:

1. are used in ballistocardiography, mechanocardiography;

2. are used in phonocardiography, ultrasound diagnostics;

3. are used in encephalography, cardiography;

4. are used in ultrasound diagnostics rheography;

5. are used in mechanocardiography.

138. Founder of membrane theory of potentials:

1. Bernstein;

2. Einstein;

3. Röntgen;

4. Huxley;

5. Galvani.

139. First time experimentally measured the potential difference on the membrane of living cell:

1. Hodgkin-Huxley;

2. Einthoven;

3. Goldman;

4. Schrödinger;

5. Nernst-Planck.

140. A process that decreases negative potential within the cell:

1. depolarization;

2. repolarization;

3. polarization;

4. deformation;

5. reverberation.

141. Method of the registering the bioelectrical activity of a muscle:

1. encephalography;

2. electrography;

3. echoencephalography;

4. electromyography;

5. electrocardiography.

142. If in certain point of unmyelinated fiber the potential equaled to φ₀ then at x distance from this point it will be:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

143. Nervous fibers:

1. myelinated and unmyelinated;

2. plasmatic and non-plasmatic;

3. excitated and unexcited;

4. actin;

5. myosin.

144. Excitation of some part of unmyelinated nervous fiber leads to:

1. local depolarization of the membrane;

2. transport of ions;

3. passive transport;

4. active transport;

5. hyperpolarization.

145. Telegrapher’s equation for nervous fibers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

 

 

146. Constant length of a nervous fiber:

 

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

147. Solution of the telegrapher’s equation:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. E=gradU

148. In depolarization phase at axon excitation flows of Na⁺ ions are directed:

1. J_Na inside the cell;

2. J_Na out of the cell;

3. J_Na=0

4. active;

5. passive.

149. In axon repolarization phase flows of ions are directed:

1. J _Na inside the cell;

2. J_К inside the cell;

3. J_К out of the cell;

4. active;

5. passive.

150. Покое потенциала нервной клетки приближается к равновесному: potential of nervous cell approximates to the equilibrium:

1. calcium potential;

2. sodium potential;

3. chlorine potential;

4. potassium potential;

5. protons potential.

151. During the generation of action potential nervous cell potential approaching to the equilibrium:

1. calcium potential;

2. sodium potential;

3. chlorine potential;

4. potassium potential;

5. protons potential.

152. Propagation of action potential along the myelinated fiber:

1. continuous;

2. saltatory (intermittent);

3. constant;

4. alternating;

5. infinite.

153. Propagation of action potential along the unmyelinated fiber:

1. continuous;

2. saltatory (intermittent);

3. constant;

4. alternating;

5. infinite.

154. Special intercellular connections that are used to the passing of a signal from one cell to another is called:

1. neurotransmitter;

2. synapse;

3. action potential;

4. node of Ranvier;

5. Schwann cell.

155. The structure providing the passing of a signal from ending of axon of a nervous cell to a neuron, muscular fiber, secretory cell is called:

1. neurotransmitter;

2. synapse;

3. action potential;

4. node of Ranvier

5. Schwann cell.

156. Myelin sheath of nerve fiber of haemoglobin molecules:

1. consists of sphingosine molecules;

2. consists of protein-lipid complex;

3. consists of red blood cells molecules;

4. consists of calcium molecules.

157. During the dreaming delta-rhythm arises, - slow high amplitude oscillations of electrical activity of brain. Specify the diapason:

1. 0,5-3,5 Hz; till 300 µV;

2. 8-13 Hz; till 200 µV;

3. 8-13 Hz; till 300 µV;

4. 3,5-7,5 Hz; till 100 µV;

5. 15-100 Hz; till 100 µV.

158. Recording of biological processes (biopotentials, biocurrents) in the structure of brain is implemented by:

1. tomograph;

2. encephalograph;

3. phonocardiograph;

4. rheograph;

5. laser.

159. Myelin sheath that surround areas of nervous cells is kind of:

1. plasmatic membrane;

2. nervous fiber;

3. neurolemma;

4. sarcolemma;

5. karyolemma.

160. Conducts nervous impulses from the body of a cell and dendrites to other neurons:

1. synapse;

2. axon;

3. plasmatic reticulum;

4. soma;

5. neurilemma.

161. Extension of neuron (short) that transmits nervous impulses to the neuron body:

1. synapse;

2. axon;

3. plasmatic reticulum;

4. soma;

5. dendrite.

162. The great importance for EEG genesis has:

1. interrelation of electrical activity of pyramidal neurons;

2. interrelation between cerebral cortex and electrodes;

3. interrelation between electrodes;

4. totality of current electrical details of separate neurons;

5. arithmetic mean of the potential differences.

163. Model of cerebral cortex electrical activity:

1. Franck model;

2. Gibbs energy;

3. Einstein model;

4. Zhadin model;

5. Stoletov model.

164. Electroencephalography is:

1. method of registering of muscle bioelectrical activity;

2. method of registering biopotentials that arise in cardiac muscle at its excitation;

3. method of registering of brain bioelectrical activity;

4. method of measuring the heart sizes in dynamics;

5. method of measuring the blood flow velocity.

165. Main indexes of EEG value are:

1. frequency and amplitude of these oscillations;

2. changing of the potential difference;

3. changing of temperature difference;

4. standard deviation of these oscillations;

5. arithmetic mean of the potential differences.

166. Generation of exciting postsynaptic potential in the area of dendrite trunk without the branching leads to the emergence of:

1. quadrupole;

2. dendrite dipole;

3. action potential;

4. resting potential;

5. somatic dipole.

167. Taken from the surface of body biopotential is measured in:

1. milliampere;

2. millivolt;

3. nanometre;

4. micrometre;

5. centimetre.

168. Types of electrical activity of pyramidal neurons:

1. impulse and gradual potentials;

2. action potential;

3. resting potential;

4. resting potentials and interaction potentials;

5. interaction potentials.

169. Gradual (slow) potentials:

1. moving postsynaptic potentials;

2. inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials;

3. resting potential;

4. action potential;

5. transforming potentials.

170. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal cells are generated:

1. in outer side of neurons;

2. между нейронами и головного мозга

3. in the body of neuron;

4. in inner side of neurons;

5. in dendrites.

171. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal cells are generated:

1. in outer side of neurons;

2. между нейронами и головного мозга

3. in the body of neuron;

4. in inner side of neurons;

5. in dendrites.

172. EEG genesis:

1. by gradual electrical activity of pyramidal neurons;

2. by impulse activity of pyramidal neurons;

3. by electrical activity of dipoles;

4. by electrical activity of cells;

5. by electrical activity of soma.

173. Changing of membrane potential of pyramidal neurons is explained:

1. by presence of alternating electric field;

2. by presence of direct electric field;

3. by presence of impulse current;

4. by presence of differing from each other somatic and dendritic dipoles;

5. by the changing of dipole moments.

174. Potential that is formed by somatic dipole:

1. inhibitory postsynaptic potential;

2. excitatory postsynaptic potential;

3. action potential;

4. resting potential;

5. membrane potential.

175. Potential that is formed by dendritic dipole:

1. inhibitory postsynaptic potential;

2. excitatory postsynaptic potential;

3. action potential;

4. resting potential;

5. membrane potential.

176. Direction of vector of dendritic dipole:

1. perpendicular to neurons;

2. parallel to neurons;

3. from soma along dendritic trunk;

4. towards soma along dendritic trunk;

5. from neurons to environment.

177. Direction of vector of somatic dipole:

1. perpendicular to neurons;

2. parallel to neurons;

3. from soma along dendritic trunk;

4. towards soma along dendritic trunk;

5. from neurons to environment.

178. EEG signals:

1. superultrasound;

2. powerful;

3. weak and powerful;

4. constant;

5. alternating and weak.

179. Distribution of neurons in the cortex of brain:

1. irregular and their dipole moments are perpendicular to the surface of cortex;

2. regular and their dipole moments are perpendicular to the surface of cortex;

3. irregular and their dipole moments are parallel to the surface of cortex;

4. regular and their dipole moments are parallel to the surface of cortex;

5. chaotically.

180. Bonds between activities of pyramidal neurons:

1. covalent;

2. strongly negative;

3. weakly negative;

4. positive correlation;

5. negative correlation.

181. Quantities characterizing EEG indexes:

1. amplitude and frequency of oscillations of potential difference;

2. impedance of electrical circuit;

3. direction of propagating oscillations;

4. wave velocity;

5. period of oscillations of potential difference.

182. In rest (at absence of irritators) EEG registers:

1. α-rhythm;

2. β-rhythm;

3. γ-rhythm;

4. δ-rhythm;

5. σ-rhythm.

183. At the active state of the brain EEG registers:

1. α-rhythm;

2. β-rhythm;

3. γ-rhythm;

4. δ-rhythm;

5. σ-rhythm.

184. During the sleeping EEG registers:

1. α-rhythm;

2. β-rhythm;

3. γ-rhythm;

4. δ-rhythm;

5. σ-rhythm.

185. At nerve excitation EEG registers:

1. α-rhythm;

2. β-rhythm;

3. γ-rhythm;

4. δ-rhythm;

5. σ-rhythm.

186. In rest (at absence of irritators) EEG registers α-rhythms with frequencies:

1. (8 - 13) Hz;

2. (0,5 - 3,5) Hz;

3. (14 - 30) Hz;

4. (30 - 55) Hz and higher;

5. higher than 100 Hz.

187. At the active state of the brain EEG registers β-rhythm with frequencies:

1. (8 - 13) Hz;

2. (0,5 - 3,5) Hz;

3. (14 - 30) Hz;

4. (30 - 55) Hz and higher;

5. higher than 100 Hz.

188. During the sleeping EEG registers δ-rhythm with frequencies:

1. (8 - 13) Hz;

2. (0,5 - 3,5) Hz;

3. (14 - 30) Hz;

4. (30 - 55) Hz and higher;

5. higher than 100 Hz.

189. At nerve excitation EEG registers γ-rhythm with frequencies:

1. (8 - 13) Hz;

2. (0,5 - 3,5) Hz;

3. (14 - 30) Hz;

4. (30 - 55) Hz and higher;

5. higher than 100 Hz.

190. Electroencephalography is:

1. registering and analysis of brain biopotentials;

2. registering and analysis of heart biopotentials;

3. registering and analysis of skin biopotentials;

4. registering and analysis of eye retina biopotentials;

5. registering and analysis of nerve trunks and muscles biopotentials.

191. Method of research the mechanical indexes of heart work:

1. ballistocardiography;

2. phonocardiography;

3. echocardiography;

4. electrocardiography;

5. encephalography.

192. Echocardiography is the method of research the structure and movement of heart structures with usage of:

1. alternating current of high frequency;

2. Compton effect;

3. absorbed X-ray radiation;

4. reflected ultrasound;

5. impedance registering.

193. Registering of time dependence of heart biopotentials in electrocardiograph is implemented with:

1. amplifier;

2. source of calibration voltage;

3. electrodes;

4. ultrasound generator;

5. condenser.

194. Electrocardiography is:

1. method of registering of muscle bioelectrical activity at its excitation;

2. method of registering biopotentials that arise in cardiac muscle at its excitation;

3. method of registering of brain bioelectrical activity;

4. method of measuring the heart sizes in dynamics;

5. method of measuring the blood flow velocity.

195. Electrodes applied on a patient at electrography are targeted for taking the:

1. electrical moment of heart;

2. current between two points on body surface;

3. potential difference between two points on body surface;

4. charges formed by heart on body surface;

5. magnetic moment of heart.

196. Problems of the research of electric fields in an organism:

1. determination the electrical resistance of tissues and organs;

2. studying the changing of electrical impulses form;

3. studying the influence of environment to the emergence of electrical potentials;

4. diagnostics of diseases;

5. registering of organs and tissues biopotentials in norm and pathology for the diagnosis of a disease.

197. Electromyography:

1. method of registering the bioelectrical activity of muscles;

2. method of registering the biopotentials arising in cardiac muscle at its excitation;

3. method of registering the bioelectrical activity of brain;

4. method of measuring the heart sizes in dynamics;

5. method of measuring the blood flow velocity.

198. Vector of electric moment of dipole characterizing heart biopotentials:

1. electric vector of polarization;

2. strength of electric field of dipole;

3. strength of magnetic field of dipole;

4. integral electric vector;

5. Umov-Poynting vector.

199. Main characteristic of dipole:

1. impulse moment;

2. electric moment;

3. moment of force;

4. moment of inertia;

5. velocity gradient.

200. On the base of registering the time dependence of heart magnetic field induction method of…is created:

1. electrocardiography;

2. electromyography;

3. electroradiography;

4. ballistocardiography;

5. magnetocardiography.

201. Different disorders of heart functioning that lead to the violation of normal heart rate:

1. extrasystoly;

2. stenocardia;

3. atherosclerosis;

4. thrombophlebitis;

5. arrythmia.

202. Difference of amplitudes of the same ECG prongs in the same moment of time in different leads:

1. the value of integral electrical vector E is different for different leads;

2. rotation of the vector E is different in different leads;

3. projections of the vector E to the different leads are not the same;

4. for each lead there is its own vector E;

5. projections of the vector E to the different leads are the same.