Translation and its stages.

Translation is the transmittal of written text from one language into another. Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms.

Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:

-understanding (1);

-verbalization (2)

4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first reading the passage selected for translation, and analyzing it. All attention in the course of this analysis should be paid to picking out language units, which denotative or connotative meanings present some difficulties. After that the translator chooses in dictionaries and reference books possible semantic, structural and stylistic variants for the units.

4.2. The second stage implies a regular selection from the chosen variants the most fitting one into the given context or uses functional stylistic substitutions.

The problem is that translator’s mental processes are not directly observable and we don’t know much of what program is and how the reduction and development operations are performed. Yudgin Nayda suggested that translation process may be described as a series of transformations. It is presumed that the work is done in three steps:

4.3. Analysis. She/he transforms the original structures into the nuclear structures.

4.4. The stage of translation proper. She/he replaces the source language nuclear structures with the equivalent TL structures.

4.5. She/he develops the latter into the terminal structures of the text of translation.