The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action. The verb has the following grammatical categories:person number,tense,aspect,voice and mood
.These categories can be expressed by means of affixes, inner flexion(change of the root vowel) and by form words.
Verbs may be transitive and intransitive
Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.According to their morphological structure verbs are divided into:(a)simple(read, live, hide, speak);
(b)derived,i. e. having affixes (magnify, fertilize, captivate, undo,decompose);
(c) compound,i. e. consisting of two stems(daydream, browbeat);
(d)composite,consisting of a verb and a postposition of adverbial origin(sit down, go away, give up).
The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive the Past Indefinite and Participle II:to speak — spoke — spoken.According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs,irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.
1.Regular verbs.
They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in-e.
to want — wanted to open — opened
Final у is changed into I before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant.to carry — carried to reply — replied
у remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel.to enjoy — enjoyed
Irregular verbs Here belong the following groups of verbs:
verbswhich change their root vowel.to sing — sang — sungto meet — met — metto win — won — won
(b) verbs which change their root vowel and add-enfor Participle II.to speak — spoke — spokento write — wrote — writtento take — took — taken
(c) verbs which change their root vowel and add-d or -t.to sell — sold — soldto bring — brought — brought
(d) verbs which change their final-d into-t.to send — sent — sentto build — built — built
(e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite andParticiple II.to put — put — putto set — set — setto shut — shut — shut
(f) verbs whose forms come from different stems.to be — was, were — beento go — went — gone
(g) special irregular verbs.to have — had — hadto make — made — madeto do — did — done
Categories of the verb
person, number,tense, aspect,voice and mood
The third person singular Present Indefinite Indicative — he speaks.
(2) The Future Indefinite tense.I shall speak We shall speak He will speak They will speak
The verb to be has suppletive forms for different persons (singular and plural).I am,He is,was We You They-are, were
The category of tense is very clearly expressed in the forms of the English verb. This category denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future. The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled.
The category of aspect s hows the way in which the action develops, whether it is in progress or completed, etc. In Russian the category of aspect predominates,and the category of tense is subordinated to it.
Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, and the neuter-reflexive voice
.The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is acted upon.
The neuter-reflexive voice shows that the action expressed by’ the predicate passes on to the subject. This voice is formed by means of a reflexive pronoun. Helen lifted herself up and looked towards nurse.
The truth was, Mary was dressing herself.
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.
Indicative
The indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative. In English, questions are considered interrogatory. The indicative mood is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples".
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood, sometimes called conjunctive mood, has several uses in dependent clauses. Examples include discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests (the exact scope is language-specific). A subjunctive mood exists in English, though it is used in English much less than in many other Indo-European languages An example of the subjunctive mood is "I suggest that Paul eat an apple". In this instance, Paul is not in fact eating an apple. The sentence merely presents the hypothetical (but unfulfilled) actions of Paul according to the speaker's suggestion.
Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, do your homework now". An imperative is used to tell someone to do something without argument.Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative (such as "go", "run", "do"). Other languages, such as Seri and Latin, however, use special imperative forms.
In English, the second person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go" ("Let us go").In Romance languages a first person plural exists in the imperative mood: Spanish: Vamos a la playa; French: Allons à la plage (both meaning: Let us go to the beach).
In English, the imperative is sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: e.g. "go eastwards a mile, and you'll see it" means"if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it".
