Pronouns, determiners and question words
Subject and object pronouns
SUBJECT OBJECT They've invited us to a party. I me Could you give me some water? you he she you him her 'Who's that?' 'It's me.' I'm taller than her. it it we us you you they them
Possessive determiners and pronouns
DETERMINER PRONOUN my mine your yours his his her hers its our ours your yours their theirs Ann and her husband work in Stoke. (... his husband...) John and his wife both play tennis. (... her wife...) 'Whose is that coat?' 'Mine.' Their house is bigger than our house, but I think ours is nicer than theirs.
Possessive 's i7:j1
Sam is Judy's boyfriend. (... the Judy's boyfriend.) Susan's surname is Perkins. (§urname's Susan...) That's my parents' house. All the tourists' suitcases got put on the wrong bus.
lzl Judy's Mary's Joe's Harry's
·AFm:lAN·.ONVOICEli
lsi Eric's Margaret's Jeff's Kate's
1 AFni:tt lsl,itl,,fl!,:.·. .J!),ltfl,/dsl: · ' · ·· liz/ Alice's Joyce's George's Des's
Reflexive/emphatic pronouns Each other
myself yourself ourselves yourselves each other. (People who lo•1e themselves...) himself herself itself themselves Somebody else
I didn't break the window - it was somebody else. Do you usually go on holiday by yourself or with
She's always talking to herself. They only think about themselves. I usually do my ironing myself. somebody else?
This, that, these, and those
Some and any
and any in questions and nega.tiv {
This cheese is terrible. These tomatoes are very nice. How much is that sweater over there? I like those ear-rings that she's wearing.
Some in questions
When we offer things <>r ask for thingwusuaJl:y use some in questions. · · f•
Would you like some coffee? Could you lend me some sugar?
No (= not any) I'm sorry, there's no more roast beef. (=... there isn't any more...)
I've got no friends = I haven't got any friends, NOT 1\•e got any k=ienas.
somebody something somewhere anybody anything anywhere everybody everything everywhere nobody nothing nowhere
Have you got anything to read? Have you seen my glasses anywhere? I didn't understand anything. Everybody was late. She gave everything to her children. 'What are you doing?' 'Nothing.'
I think she's somebody important. Something very strange happened. Did anything interesting happen? Let's go somewhere nice.
Is everything all right? (Are e'rerything...?) Everybody knows him. Nobody likes him.
We can also use these words and expressions without WITH UNCOUNTABLES (not) much how much? too much a little more enough a lot of WITH PLURALS (not) many how many? too many a few more enough a lot of no1UlS. How much does it cost? 'Do you like her?' 'Not much.' I think about you a lot. (... a lot of.)
We use much and many mostly in questions and negative sentences. In affirmative sentences, we more often use a lot (of). Compare: There isn't much rain here in the summer. Are there many hotels in the town? How much money do you want? How many states are there in the USA? I've got too much work. You've given me too many chips.
A little more cabbage, sir? And a few more peas? Could I have some more bread? I'm afraid there are no more potatoes.
Have you got enough money? (... R'lORey eRough?) There aren't enough buses from our village.
Have you got many friends? I haven't got many friends. She's got a lot of friends.
We u&e too, nottoo much, before an adjective/adverb when there is no noun. Compare:
Am I too early? (... too R'luch early?) You've got too much baggage.
Bnougb comes after an adverb, and after an adjective if thertds nofioun.{;ompare: You're not driving fast enough. Is the beer cold enough to drink? We haven't got enough cold beer.
Other determiners
Both and all: position with verbs - One-part verbs
- Two-part verbs We have both got bicycles. (We both haYe got...) They will all come. (They all vlill coR'le.) -Are/were We are both tall. (We both are tall.) You were all wrong. (You all were wroRg.)
Both/all/neither/one+ of+ pronoun Both of them are very tall. I wish I had time to talk to all of you. Neither of us has got a cat. One of us likes classical music, but the other doesn't.
Who 'Who's that?' 'It's my brother.' ('He's R'lY brother.') Who wrote Gone with the Wind? (Who did write...?) Who are you looking at? (Who you are...?)
Which 'Which platform for the 3.49 train?' 'Platform 6.' Which of you took my bike? (Who of yoH...?)
What 'What's your name?' 'Miriam Jackson.' What does coat mean? (What R'l:eaRs Goat?) What time does the next train leave? (NOT usually At what time...?) What sort of music do you like? 'What do you do?' 'I'm a student.' ('l'R'l stHdeRt.') What a nice colour! (What Rice colour!)
How
'My name's Ann Carter.' 'How do you do?' 'How do you do?' 'How are you?' 'Very well, thank you. And you?' 'How old are you?' 'I'm 35.' How did the children travel back home? (-Hmv travelled the childreR...?)
Where 'Where's my pen?' 'Under your book.' 'Where are you from?' 'Egypt.' Where was Brian born? (Where '.vas bom BriaR?)
When
When did the Second World War start? (WheR started...?)
Why 'Why did you come to Australia?' 'To learn English.' ('For leam ERglish.')
Question words as subject and object
When a question word is the subjea pf a sentence {or. with the subject of a sentence}, we m ke questions without do. Compare: ·
Who (subject) wrote the James Bond novels? (Who did write...?) Who (object) do you like in the class? What (subject) made that noise? (What did make...?) What (object) do you want?
What animals (subject) live in trees? (... do live...?) What animals (object) did Hannibal take across the Alps? (What aHimals took HaHHibal...?)
How many children (subject) came to the party? (... did come...?)
Adjectives Position of adjectives Before nouns Mary has got green eyes. (... greens eyes.) Sheila has got long dark hair.
After be John is quite nice. My daughters are very tall. (... are yery tails.)
Using comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives I'm taller than my mother. She's more intelligent than me.
Superlatives
Who's the oldest person here? I'm the tallest in my family. It's the most beautiful place in the world. (... of the world.) Which car is the fastest? Which can carry the most people?
Modification of comparatives She's a bit older than me. A plane is much faster than a train. A bus can carry far more people than a car. A car costs much less than a plane.
Less and least with adjectives Diirer looks less happy than the king. My brother's less self-confident than me. She's the least selfish person I know.
More and most with nouns
A plane has got more wheels than a pram. A plane can carry the most people.
Less/least with uncountable nouns
I've got less free time than ever before in my life. Who does the least work in this office?
Fewer/fewest with plural nouns There are fewer people here than last week. (NOTE:... less people is also possible.) The person who makes the fewest mistakes is not always the best.
Comparisons with as
(Not) as+ adjective/adverb+ as
I'm as good-looking as a film star. He's not as tall as me. Your car doesn't go as fast as ours.
(Not) as much/many as She's got as much money as me. A car hasn't got as many wheels as a lorry. A bicycle doesn't cost as much as a motorbike.
As and than faster than (faster as) more beautiful than as fast as (as fast than)
the same as different from
|
He likes me, but I don't like him.
Possessives
That's my bicycle over there. (... the my bicycle...)
Pronunciation of possessive -s
lzl Sam's Bob's Anne's Susan's
Reflexives, each other and else
People who love each other should try to be honest with
Some, any and no
We usually use some in·affinn.Jt:i;v;C·
Somebody, anything etc.
Somebody telephoned when you were out. Would you like something to drink?
Everyl:foify:t!fle * MI E IIJ".t!dl,raitl
Quantifiers with uncountables and plurals
The children are making a lot of noise. She's got a lot of problems.
We both read The Times. (We read both...) They all went home. (+hey-weRt all hoR'le.)
Question words
How many children (object) did you invite to the party?
Comparative and superlative adjectives
