Browser

A software program that is used to look at various kinds of Internet re­sources. Browser is a specific kind of client program that enables to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance.

E-mail

Electronic Mail. Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of ad­dresses, called mailing list.

Homepage

Originally, the web page that the browser is set to use when it starts up. The more common meaning refers to the main web page for a business, organisation, person or simply the main page out of a collection of web pages.

Host

Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network. It is quite common to have one host ma­chine provide several services, such as WWW.

Java

A network-oriented programming language specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to a computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to the computer or files. Using small Java programs (called applets), web pages

 

can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks.

Login

The account name used to gain access to a computer system. It is not se­cret unlike the password. Also the act of entering into a computer system.

Server

A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to software running on other computers. The term can refer to a par­ticular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running. A single server machine could have several different server software packages running on it.

Упражнение 8. Переведите с листа под аккомпанемент счета вашего коллеги на английском языке следующий текст.

The Internet began as a Cold War project to create a communications network that was immune to a nuclear attack. In the 1969, the US govern­ment created ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), connecting four western universities and allowing researchers to use the main frames of any of the networked institutions. New connections were soon added to the network, bringing the number of nodes up to 23 in 1971, 111 in 1977, and up to almost 4 million in 1994. As the size of the network grew so did its capabilities. In its first 25 years, the Internet added features such as file transfer, email, usenet news, and eventually HTML. Now, new developments come to the Net one right after the other. It is this explosive growth in recent years that has captured the imagination of computer users the world over.

Упражнение А Ознакомьтесь самостоятельно со следующими компью­терными аббревиатурами. Переведите письменно на русский язык определе­ния аббревиатур.

FTP

(File Transfer Protocol) - A very common method of moving files be­tween two Internet sites. FTP is a special way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and / or sending files. There are many

Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of mate­rial that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name anonymous, thus these sites are called anonymous FTP servers.

HTML

(HyperText Markup Language) - The coding language used to create Hypertext documents (documents that contain links to other documents -words or phrases that can be chosen by a reader and which cause another document to be retrieved and displayed) for use on WWW. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where a block of text is surrounded with codes that indicate how it should appear. Additionally, in HTML a block of text, or a word can be specified to link to another file on the Inter­net. HTML files are meant to be viewed using browsers.

HTTP

(HyperText Transport Protocol) - The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. It requires a HTTP client program on one end, and an HTTP server program on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used in WWW.

LAN

(Local Area Network) - A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building, although sometimes LAN can be as large as to cover a whole University campus.

TCP/IP

(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) - The suite of proto­cols that defines the Internet. TCP/IP software is available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, the computer must have ТСР/IР software.

URL

(Uniform Resource Locator) - The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet that is part of WWW.

WWW

(World Wide Web, or simply the web) - The universe of hypertext serv­ers which allow text, graphics, sound files, etc. to be mixed together.

Упражнение 1 ft Переведите на слух по абзацам следующие сообщения. 1866: In the beginning was the Cable...

The Atlantic cable of 1858 was established to carry instantaneous com­munications across the ocean for the first time.

Although the laying of this first cable was seen as a landmark event in society, it was a technical failure. It only remained in service a few days.

Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were completely successful and compare to events like the moon landing of a century later. The cable remained in use for almost 100 years.

1957: Sputnik has launched ARPA

President Dwight D. Eisenhower saw the need for the Advanced Re­search Projects Agency (ARPA) after the Soviet Union's 1957 launch of Sputnik.

The organisation united some of America's most brilliant people, who developed the United States' first successful satellite in 18 months. Several years later ARPA began to focus on computer networking and communica­tions technology.

In 1962, Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head ARPA's research in improving the military's use of computer technology. Licklider was a vi­sionary who sought to make the government's use of computers more inter­active. To quickly expand technology, Licklider saw the need to move ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and laid the foun­dations for what would become the ARPANET.

1972: First public demonstration of ARPANET

In late 1971, Larry Roberts decided that people needed serious motiva­tion to get things going. In October 1972 there was to be an International Conference on Computer Communications, so Larry asked Bob Kahn to or­ganise a public demonstration of the ARPANET.

The demo was a roaring success, much to the surprise of the people at AT&T who were sceptical about whether it would work.

Упражнение 11. Переведите с листа на английский язык следующий текст.

Дальнейшее развитие информационного общества подарит чело­вечеству новые приложения - интернет-телефонию и несколько поз­же интернет-телевидение. Появятся новые модели ценообразования и окупаемости - несколько болезненные, но необходимые аспекты коммерческого мира. Будут освоены базовые сетевые технологии но­вого поколения, такие как широкополосный доступ населения и спут­никовые коммуникации с иными характеристиками и требованиями. Новые режимы доступа и новые формы обслуживания породят новые предложения, которые в свою очередь станут движущей силой даль­нейшего развития самой сети. Для будущего интернета важнее всего не то, как будут изменяться технологии, а то, как будет управляться сам процесс изменения и развития. Архитектура интернета всегда оп­ределялась ядром, состоящим из ведущих проектировщиков, но с увеличением числа заинтересованных сторон форма ядра изменилась. Успех интернета расширил круг людей и организаций, вложивших в сеть финансовые и интеллектуальные ресурсы. Споры вокруг управ­ления доменным пространством имен показывают, что идет поиск новой социальной структуры, способной осуществлять руководство интернетом в будущем. Трудно сказать, какой будет эта структура -слишком многие хотят в ней участвовать. В то же время, промыш­ленные круги нуждаются в экономическом обосновании крупных ин­вестиций, необходимых для будущего роста, например, в плане улучшения технологии доступа населения. Если интернету суждено столкнуться с неудачами, это произойдет не из-за дефицита техноло­гий, предвидения или мотивации. Главная опасность состоит в том, что мы не можем установить единое направление и стройными ряда­ми двинуться в светлое будущее.

Упражнение 12. Разделитесь на две группы, одна из которых будет со­стоять из опытных интернет-пользователей, а другая - из людей, которые в повседневной жизни легко обходятся без интернета. Подготовьте в группах ар­гументированное пятиминутное выступление на английском языке с обоснова­нием своей точки зрения относительно роли и места интернета в современной жизни и переведите это выступление на русский язык. Выделите в составе

каждой группы двух человек, один из которых выступит с подготовленным со­общением, а другой - представит его перевод. После презентации всех сооб­щений обсудите на английском языке роль и место интернета в современном обществе.

Упражнение 13.. Переведите устно на русский язык следующие пред­ложения, обращая внимание на употребление причастной конструкции.

1. Considering the complexity of the problem,the decision was reached
at a rather early date.

2. Their best expectations about capital market integration realised,
people can face their future without fear.

3. The scholars are interested in seeing the post-war experience with
trade liberalisation confirmed.

4. Over the "non-dissemination" draft treaty, harmony is to be expected -
and a powerful attempt to get it signed by many nations.

5. Suddenly imposing capital controls,the government tried to avoid a
financial crisis.

6. Yesterday at Hyde Park we saw reasonable people questioning the
prudence of liberal policies toward international capital flows for all
countries in all circumstances.

7. The President said in a message accompanying the document that it
would stop runaway inflation and revitalised the economy if given a
chance;he asked Congress to join him in a quest to move America back
toward economic sanity.

 

8. All his criticism was reserved for the peacemongers who want the
Army withdrawn from their country.

9. Being the most powerful of all industrial countries,the United States
pushed inevitably ahead for world mastery with every available means
at its command.

10. Proponents of European integration are heard taking into account
viewpoints of the opposition.

11. During the work-to-rule campaign the workers saw their efforts wasted
because some were induced to work extra hours.

12. With open policies toward international trade growing,it is possible
that economic growth could become the most important factor contrib­
uting to the creation of united Europe.

Упражнение 14. Преобразуйте письменно следующие предложения, используя причастную конструкцию. Переведите устно на русский язык исход­ные и трансформированные предложения.

1. The task of the organisation is overseeing the development and opera­
tion of the new computer programs that are used to hamper international

communications.

2. Some social organisations that represent more than a half-million gov­
ernment blue-colours, demanded a fifteen percent pay raise.

3. A Social Democratic Party with Mr Smith as leader was launched, the
government hoped to channel the discontent into a peaceful movement.

 

4. Though the President wanted to reject an outrageously optimistic fore­
cast that had been produced by some of his advisers, economic perspec­
tives of the country seemed bright.

5. The peoples of all countries are vitally interested in seeing further steps
that have been recently taken at the European Conference.

6. A large amount of work was commissioned by the management, the
programmers were unable to release the software in time.

 

7. In another test of strength which is putting strain on the community,
some advanced countries have refused to make payments that have been
called for by the European Parliament to finance social and regional
projects in less developed regions.

8. The draft document included resolutions that called for the creation of
the integrated European society.

9. The president of the Chamber of Commerce was speaking, the
Chamber's annual general meeting after a luncheon was attended by the

high officials.

10. Decisions have been taken at Brussels, which, if they were carried out,
would lead straight to further controversies.

11. The newspapers reported the council to meet in session last week in the
course of far-ranging economic talks.

12. The Chairman interrupted the debates when news of a technological
breakthrow arrived.

Упражнение 15. Переведите письменно на английский язык следующий текст, используя причастную конструкцию.

В настоящее время наряду с социальным неравенством наблюдается рост неравенства в области информационных компьютерных техноло-

гий (ИКТ). Чтобы его преодолеть необходимо объединить усилия государственного и частного сектора. Сегодня мы продвинулись зна­чительно дальше теоретической и философской дискуссии об инфор­мационном неравенстве. Мы уже больше не спрашиваем себя, нужно ли преодолевать этот разрыв. Мы сейчас задаем вопрос - как мы мо­жем преодолеть это неравенство. ИКТ - это средство для достижения цели, но не самоцель. ИКТ не могут заменить, например, образование, здравоохранение и борьбу с коррупцией, но могут дополнить и усилить эти социально значимые задачи. В то время как сотрудничество между бизнесом и государственными структурами является предварительным условием для преодоления информационного неравенства, возглавить и координировать усилия в данном направлении должна независимая международная организация. ООН является наиболее авторитетной из всех международных организаций, поэтому не вызывает сомнений, что на сегодняшний день только ООН в состоянии взять на себя руково­дство этим процессом «на местах». Нарастающие протесты против глобализации указывают на усиление недоверия к существующей в на­стоящее время экономической системе, а также на возрастание отчуж­денности и маргинализации во многих странах мира. Наладив взаимо­понимание с общественными организациями и правительствами, ООН сможет сделать важный шаг на пути ослабления существующей сейчас напряженности в отношении ИКТ во многих странах мира.

Упражнение 1 6. Изучите следующие слова и словосочетания.