THE CONJUNCTION

(Союз)

Союзами называются служебные слова, которые употребляются для соединения членов предложения и предложений. Они не выполняют самостоятельной функции в предложениях и поэтому не являются членами предложения.

По своей функции речи союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные. 1. Сочинительные союзы соединяют однородные члены предложения, а также независимые друг от друга предложения:

e.g. I have received a letter and a telegram. - Я получил письмо и телеграмму.

Go at once or you will miss your train. - Идите немедленно, иначе вы не поспеете на поезд.

2. Подчинительные союзы соединяют придаточные предложения с главным:

e.g. I can’t do it now because I am very busy. - Я не могу делать это сейчас, потому что я очень занят.

По своей форме союзы в английском языке делятся на простые и составные.

1. Простые союзы: and и, а, but но, if если, that что и др.

2. Составные союзы (сочетания, выполняющие функцию союзов): as well as так же как, so that, in order that чтобы, для того чтобы, as soon as только и др.

Некоторые составные союзы являются двойными, так как распадаются на две части: both…and как …так и, not only …but also не только …но и, either …or или…или, neither…nor ни…ни, hardly (scarcely) …when едва только … как, no sooner … than как только, едва только…как, whether…or ли …или.

 

I. Conjugate the following verbs in Past Continuous Tense:

to work, to answer, to make, to look, to translate, to read.

 

II. Comment on the use of Past Continuous Tense:

1. It was raining when I left the house. 2. He hurt his leg while he was playing football. 3. In June that firm was carrying on negotiations for the purchase of fish. 4. I was working in the library from three till five. 5. She was reading as book at 8 o’clock yesterday.6. They were writing a test at 11 o’clock yesterday. 7. We were working in our lab at 10 o’clock. 8. He was preparing for the English test when his sister came. 9. They were discussing the results of their test from 11 to 12 o’clock yesterday. 10. They were translating texts the whole evening yesterday.

 

III. Make the following sentences interrogative then negative:

1. I was doing my homework from five till eight yesterday. 2. I was doing the exercise at six o’clock yesterday. 3. They were translating the text the whole evening yesterday. 4. He was writing a massage to his friend. 5. My friends and I were playing computer games yesterday.

 

IV. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present or Past Continuous:

1. I (to write) an English exercise now. 2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday. 3. My friends (not to do) their homework now. The (to play) volleyball. 4. My friends (not to do) their homework at seven o’clock yesterday. They (to play) football. 5. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday. 6. She (not to read) now. 7. My sister is fond of reading. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday, and now she (to read) again. 8. What your lecturer (to do) now? 9. What your group (to do) from eight till nine yesterday.

 

V. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Continuous or Past Simple:

1. I (to do) my homework the whole evening yesterday. 2. I (to do) my homework when mother came home. 3. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 3. You (to do) your homework yesterday? 4. You (to do) your homework from eight till ten yesterday? 5. What he (to do) the whole evening yesterday? 6. Yesterday at one o’clock I (to have) lunch at the canteen. 7. When he (to come) in, I (to do) my exercises.8. We (to answer) the teacher’s questions when the dean (to enter) the classroom. 9. We (to listen) to an interesting lecture yesterday. 10. When I (to enter) the classroom, the teacher (to write) words on the blackboard and the students (to copy) them into their exercise books.

 

VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Мы писали контрольную работу с 8 до 10 часов. 2. Преподаватель проверял тетради студентов целый вечер вчера. 3. Мой друг переводил текст «Наш университет», когда я пришел к нему. 4. Что ты делал вчера с 8 до 9 часов? – Я выполнял домашнее задание по английскому языку. 5. Когда я вошёл в актовый зал, на сцене выступала команда преподавателей. 6. Мы повторяли правила, когда в аудиторию вошёл преподаватель. 7. В то время когда Саша и Вася рассказывали диалог, раздался звонок. 8. Когда преподаватель открыл дверь аудитории, все студенты сидели за своими партами.

 

VII. Comment on the use of Future Continuous Tense:

1. He can’t come at two o’clock tomorrow because he will be giving a lesson at that time. 2. I will be working when he returns. 3. If you come after eleven o’clock, I will be sleeping. 4. He will be writing a book during the summer. 5. In June that firm will be carrying on negotiations for the purchase of fish. 6. I will be preparing for my examination all day tomorrow. 7. They will be working in the library from three till five. 8. I will be writing to him tomorrow.

 

VII. Give the answers to the following questions using words in brackets:

e.g. What will you be doing at 10 o’clock in the evening? (sleep)

I will be sleeping at that time.

1. What will Kate be doing at her college for five years? (study English). 2. What will he be doing next term? (study the second foreign language). 3. What will Ann be doing on Sunday? (prepare for the lesson). 4. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (write dictation) 5. What will Mr. Priestley be doing at this time the day after tomorrow? (interview foreign students) 6. What will you be doing during your holiday? (travelling along the country)

 

 

VIII. Open the brackets using Future Simple or Future Continuous:

1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at six o’clock tomorrow. 3. Tomorrow I (to begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from the university. I (to do) my homework from tree till six. 4. When I come home tomorrow my family (to have) supper. 5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. 6. Don’t come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening.

 

IX. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Студенты технологического факультета будут представлять университет на конференции. 2. Мы будем принимать участие в соревнованиях с 10 до 12 завтра. 3. Студенты будут пересказывать завтра текст с 8 до 8.30. 4. Завтра весь вечер мы будем готовиться к контрольной работе. 5. Студенты морского факультета будут проходить практику с 20 июня по 15 июля.

 

X. Translate from Russian into English paying attention to the use of conjunctions:

1. He will be here either at 6 or at 7.

2. Ann likes neither fried nor boiled fish.

3. The manager is either at the office or at the laboratory.

4. We can reach America either by air or by sea.

5. He had no time and translated neither the text nor the article.

6. Both Newton and Byron studied at Cambridge.

7. A specialist should master both theory and practice of his subject.

8. Both Tom and Ann were late.

9. Neither Tom nor Ann came to the party.

10. Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again.

 

XI. Make sentences using both…and, neither…nor, either…or:

1. The hotel wasn’t clean. And it wasn’t comfortable.

2. It was a very boring film. It was very long too.

3. I haven’t got the time to go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money.

4. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow – whichever you prefer.

5. He gave up his job because he needed a change. Also because the pay was low.

6. George doesn’t smoke. And he doesn’t drink.

7. The front of the house needs painting. The back needs painting too.

 

XII. Choose the right conjunction:

1. … Jane … John like to go mountain bike riding.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

 

 

2. You need to decide … you want to go to the movies … to the park today.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

3. Every day during the winter it is …raining … snowing.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

4. Today, …was it raining … snowing.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

5. I decided to purchase … the white shirt … the green shirt, but not both.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

6. … the boss … the manager wanted to admit there was a problem in the company.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

7. … were you late for class … forgot to do your homework.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

8. You need to decide if you want to go to … this college … that college.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

9. She was not sure … she wanted to travel to Japan … travel to Thailand.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also

10. … is the food in this restaurant awful … the prices are way too high.

a) whether...or

b) either...or

c) neither...nor

d) not only...but also